tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-26052696693436855102024-03-08T14:46:15.553-08:00Writing a good research paperIb Economics Extended Essay Topicsadaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.comBlogger22125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-19085977601781545632020-08-27T21:22:00.001-07:002020-08-27T21:22:03.385-07:00Obesity and cancer – Linked to what levelOr on the other hand perhaps exacerbate for a malignant growth forecast? These issues are tended to in this report, with references to numerous investigations entertainer d at the populace level, and at the atomic level â⬠endeavoring to interface malignant growth movement (prostrate disease), seriousness and event, mind h side effects of weight ââ¬, for example, instinctive fat, stopped levels, etc.Focusing principally on the dopamine levels in large (disease/non malignant growth) patients, in vitro tumor culture studies and information from prostrate/bosom malignancy patients â⬠this report intends to indicate a potential system which underlies disease movement based on the information from above examinations and clarify how fat TTY as a condition, fits In the component of tumor movement. Prologue to weight â⬠The main perspective with respect to heftiness is the evaluation of the state of being called ââ¬Ëobese'.For the motivation behind this report (and for the grea ter part of the examinations alluded to) â⬠PC tomography produced estimations in the request for ?comma territory in the focal stomach locales (I. E. â⬠of instinctive fat), Is characterized as the condition for heftiness. On the other hand, different evaluations, for example, squander Hip proportions, Body Mass Index, and so forth are likewise used to characterize or relate explicit parts of body structure to the state of being hefty or its relate deed metabolic conditions. 9] Central (instinctive) weight is described by metabolic disorder, for example, â⬠insulin obstruction, hyperglycemia, hyperventilates, relocation, hypertension, and dangerous and cellular material Tory states [81. Which are all decently conditions that cause numerous intricacies in counterparts happening kicks the bucket asses â⬠anyway the focal point of this report subtleties the immediate ramifications of weight, and the atoms included â⬠trailed by a speculation from this contextual analysi s on hormonal tumors. The sub-atomic indications and impacts of stoutness on a patient's physiological framework ar Fig. â⬠Diagrammatic portrayal of a portion of the potential systems for weight related prostate malignancy movement. GIF-I = insulin-like development factor 1; IL-6 = interleukin 6; VEGA = vascular endothelial development factor; GHB = sex-hormone restricting globulin. [8] Molecular attributes of weight â⬠coming up next are qualities/side-effects of stoutness and their individual jobs distinguished in different hormonal (prostrate/bosom) malignant growth contemplates â⬠Hypersensitiveness â⬠Geiger serum levels of insulin brings about diminished creation of Sex-Hormone Binding Globulin (GHB).GHB interceded restraint of bosom tumors has as of late honey bee n recognized in writing [1]. Thus, this trademark is undifferentiated from loss-of-hindrance for bosom malignancy cells. Likewise, it brings about more significant levels of free androgen's and estrogen â⬠which have been ensnared in expansion of bosom malignant growths, and movement of hormonal tumors when all is said in done. Diminished Testosterone levels â⬠have essentialness in prostrate malignancy, as lower testosterone levels have been related with high-read prostrate tumors. The trademark being of higher expansion and less separation in the tumor. 2] Perpetuation of TNT-alpha â⬠by prudence of more significant levels of TNT-alpha in serum, there is higher vulnerability to irritation and aggravation without anyone else has a likely job as a disease advancing occasion at some random site. [Smith's Term Paper] Dopamine discharges by fat tissue are secured with a couple of models â⬠o Lepton â⬠is a dopamine emitted fundamentally by White Adipose Tissue (WATT), and has been shoo win to be dynamic in the arrangement of conceptive tissue (counting the prostrate). Also, has be en emphatically associated with instinctive corpulence and enormous prostrate tumors [4]. Studies have demonstrated that lepton advances the multiplication of androgen-autonomous prostate disease cell lines. It has additionally been appeared to advance vascular endothelial cell profiler and misdiagnoses in vivo, forms that are vital to permit malignant growth movement. Likewise, it has been decidedly associated with expanded prostrate malignant growth cell relocation (suggesting intrusion and metastasis) [5]. Instrument of activity â⬠The expansion reaction of prostate malignant growth cells to lepton has been demonstrated o include intracellular flagging particles, for example, genuineness ingrain 3-kinas (POP-K) and c-June NH-terminal kinas NON). 10] o Interleukin-6 â⬠33% of the coursing level discharge of IL-6 is from fat tissue. It is legitimately corresponding to instinctive heftiness and insulin obstruction. Its ordinary job being in modulo activity of invulnerable reaction and cell-capacities â⬠it is fundamentally a development inhibitor. In any case, a s of late it has been appeared to experience a change in its job from development inhibitor related with neuroscience separation to trigger joined by androgen receptor prickly plants activity in prostrate disease movement [6].Prostrate malignancy societies have been appeared to discharge elevated levels of IL-6, and it is accepted that incessant presentation to this dopamine prompts loss-of-development hindrance in tumor cells. Serum IL-6 levels >7 pig/ml are related with a poor guess in men with prostate malignancy. O Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGA) â⬠VEGA levels are decidedly associated with instinctive heftiness, and it is a powerful nitrogen that takes into consideration cell-movement, misdiagnoses and small scale vascular porousness. It thus, has an immediate development factor impact on tumor movement of all ski advertisements of cancer.Aggressive high evaluation diseases all show elevated levels of VEGA emissions. It is the reason apotheosized that stoutness driven rise in VEGA levels is a powerful preparing occasion for all types of c outrage, exceptionally hormonal malignancies. O Depiction â⬠this is a dopamine that is contrarily corresponded with heftiness and instinctive fat. It has been distinguished as a potential helpful specialist in numerous corpulence related metabolic co signs, for example, diabetes, hypertension, and so forth. Henceforth, by excellence of its contrary nature to other fat home, it is estimated to be the ââ¬Ëanticancer' dopamine. It is likewise contrarily related with high h grade prostrate and bosom cancers.The capacity of delineation is through its two essential receptors, which have a spatial didst fiction that is represented by other development factors and fat. Studies have additionally recognized JUNK and sign transducer and activator of translation 3 (STATS) as normal downstream effectors of portrayal. Both JUNK a d STATS play of cell expansion, separation, and apotheosis during different physiol ogic and pathologic occasions, for example, tumor advancement. [7] Discussion/Analysis â⬠Getting fat â⬠Starting in sequential request of event, in a patient's life â⬠initial, one must get stout for any dangers to be present.Is this essentially, valid? Indeed. Not that non-large individuals are fundamentally hazard free or improbable to get malignancy â⬠however corpulence is decidedly associated with numerous types of disease, so chance is guarantee deed. Nourishments containing elevated levels of immersed unsaturated fats and cholesterol are explicitly t he ones that are ensnared being developed of focal stomach stoutness. Tile corrosive (or Omega 6 polyunsaturated unsaturated fat) is a constituent of creature at that has been emphatically embroiled in prostrate malignant growth relocation/metastasis [12].Also, low-fat culture mode for in vitro tumor societies brought about diminished expansion rates and low-fat weight control plans for tumor bearing naked mice likew ise demonstrated more slow movement of tumors. White Adipose Tissue (WATT â⬠a sub-order of fat tissue, which is to a great extent present in instinctive fat), is fundamentally co-relatable to utilization of creature fat and soaked unsaturated fats. It is perceived as a metabolically dynamic endocrine organ â⬠a portion of the emissions of which have been recorded previously. Thus, there is unquestionably a connection between one's eating regimen and malignant growth prognosis.The job of stoutness â⬠Obesity has been conventionally named a condition that smothers non-forceful illnesses and quickens the forceful ones. How obvious this generalization might be, isn't the subject of this report â⬠yet in any case the announcement remains constant for malignancy movement. To state that malignant growth (of any structure) might be ââ¬Ëinduced' by stoutness, is definitely not a Justifiable states .NET based on at present accessible information. Notwithstanding, ââ¬Ëcancer movement' is unquestionably an undertaking that corpulence can remote to adequacy (of the tumor). adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-6674083223219443012020-08-22T13:15:00.001-07:002020-08-22T13:15:31.619-07:00Case Study Of Collinââ¬â¢s ATM System Samples â⬠MyAssignmenthelp.comQuestion: Talk about the Case Study Of Collins ATM System. Answer: Presentation The business data framework is portrayed as a framework that incorporates data innovation segments, individuals and generally speaking business capacities. The business data framework assists with bringing data innovation segments and business works together to build up compelling collaboration among the parts to give authoritative development (Kharchenko Chynchenko, 2013). The viability of business data framework in this report is talked about in this report concerning a contextual analysis. The picked contextual analysis is Collins ATM framework. The depiction of Collins ATM framework through framework vision archive is given in this report. The motivation behind this report is to investigate the given cases study utilizing business data framework approach. The framework of this report is framework vision archive, assets required, partner guide and dangers of the undertaking. The framework vision record comprises of issue depiction, proposed result, framework capacities and business benefits. Framework Vision Document: Problem Description The issue depictions of Collins ATM Bank are given as follows. There are various types of customers who need simple access to banking framework and administrations, for example, store or withdrawal, from any piece of the world. This administration is given by a framework called ATM which is utilized ordinarily in todays situation (Kamal et al., 2015). ATM is usually utilized for withdrawal, smaller than normal explanations and equalization checking for an individual record diminishing the human exertion. Subsequently, Collins ATM Bank requires an ATM framework to encourage their clients by giving simple financial exercises. The Collins ATM Bank requires the ATM to have a card peruser for perusing ATM cards. Different prerequisites are a money distributor, a showcase, a printing highlight to print subtleties of exchange and to store money/checks a chute include is required. Proposed Outcome The proposed result of Collins ATM framework is the key necessities, the organization needs. The key necessities of the Collins ATM framework are as per the following. The first is to help one client at a solitary time. The second is acknowledgment of card by the relating bank. The third is to confirm the entered pin. The fourth is to choose the kind of record; client has (Montefusco et al., 2016). The fifth is to choose the sort of exchange, for example, withdrawal, store, move, financial records equalization or printing smaller than normal articulations. The 6th is to create report after exchange and encourage the relating bank to give ordinary updates to distinguish the progression of money from a comparing bank. Framework Capabilities The framework capacities of ATM framework are different and consequently, the ATM framework is the most widely recognized one for each financial industry. The abilities are as per the following. The ATM framework gives advantage of doing exchange all day, every day hours (Ahmad, Rifen Wahab, 2016). The human exertion is diminished which is the most valuable ability of this framework. The bank clients influence comfort to utilize this framework without the need of going to bank. This framework requires little spot to introduce and henceforth increasingly advantageous in more distant and remote territories where clients need to venture out to the bank (De Gramatica et al., 2015). The ATM framework gives new notes instead of the grimy ones to the client. This framework limits the issue in exchange procedure to give a snappy and quick exchange. The ATM framework gives paperless procedure until and except if clients need a paper receipt or smaller than normal explanation. The ATM framework is gainful for making clients day by day work simple. Nonetheless, this framework also accompanies some significant issues and their as follows. There are issue with ATM card that it very well may be cloned for misrepresentation exercises. There are a few cases with respect to counterfeit ATM frameworks. The ATM works on a system and consequently on the off chance that the ATM is unavailable, at that point no exchange procedure can happen (Patriarca, 2016). There is no assurance that ATM framework will have money when a client needs. The lack of sum is dealt with by the bank if no measure of money is left in the framework. Business Benefits The above passage shows the framework abilities of ATM framework which is useful for the business development of a bank, for example, Collins ATM Bank (Ball et al., 2017). In this way, the underneath focuses shows the advantages of ATM framework accommodate authoritative development. There is an expansion in pedestrian activity which will give a chance to change over potential clients into leads. The expanded deals in blend with pedestrian activity will give significant advantages to the bank. The card fess is decreased which gives setting aside of cash to banks. The extra charge income is added income that goes to bank when clients do exchanges. The client maintenance is another advantage for business which gives new leads. Assets Required The assets for the ATM framework are of different sorts of exercises that the framework offers, for example, exchange, inclusion of pin number, screen and different exercises (De Gramatica et al., 2015). The assets required according to the need of Collins ATM framework prerequisites alongside some extra assets are given beneath. Card Reader-The card peruser is a fundamental prerequisite for the framework. The card peruser is utilized to peruse the different sorts of cards to get to its data (Onyesolu Okpala, 2017). The different sorts of cards are handled by the card peruser to get data and continue as per the activity gave by the card holder. The card is swiped in the framework to be gotten to by the card peruser. Show Screen-The showcase screen is like a TV or PC screen where data or menus are appeared to the clients (Mandari Koloseni, 2016). The means for exchange process whether it is withdrawal or store, both are appeared in the screen to encourage the procedure for the client. The most generally utilized presentation screens are CRT or LCD screen. Keypad-The keypad in the framework gives addition of subtleties, for example, individual distinguishing proof number (pin) of the card or measure of money whether for keeping or withdrawal. The keypad for the most part comprises of 48 keys (Verma, 2014). The pin number in the framework is entered in a scrambled structure through keypad to forestall any misrepresentation exercises. The keypad accompanies this element of encryption which is utilized distinctly for pin number subtleties. Speaker-The speaker in the framework gives data when any mistake happens or any off-base key is squeezed against the action appeared in the presentation screen. Printers-The printers are utilized distinctly to print receipts of exchanges, smaller than usual proclamations and parity enquiry (Sharma et al., 2017). The receipt gives data with respect to the exchange happened. A model is, a receipt for withdrawal by and large contains date and time of exchange, account number (in scrambled organization), sum pulled back and complete equalization. Partner Map There are three significant partners identified with ATM framework and they are essential, auxiliary and tertiary. The essential partners are the clients who do exchange utilizing the ATM framework. The banks are considered as auxiliary partner since bank go about as a stage through which exchange happens. The tertiary partners are maker of ATM framework who manages the various types of issues related with ATM framework (Kavitha, 2015). These partners have enormous number of points of interest and constraints in regards to the ATM framework. The advantages are utilizing ATM for normal exchanges at fast and specialized blunders are decreased through this framework. This advantage is identified with clients who are answerable for utilizing the ATM for exchange. The advantage for auxiliary client is that they can without much of a stretch get additional measure of money as enthusiasm from a few clients when they do exchange. The simple and quick exchange is a fundamental piece of creati ng income for banks. The clients will likewise prone to propose it to different clients and prescribe to the banks to fabricate more ATM frameworks. Dangers of the task The dangers of the task to actualize ATM framework are different. The significant issues are extortion identified with money, assaults identified with physical and coherent sorts of assault. These three are the major and normal assaults that may happen and there is a need to forestall these assaults (Kavitha, 2015). The security of ATM framework comprises of three significant zones and they are cash insurance, various sorts of sensible security and physical security. The underneath passage portray the misrepresentation identified with cards and monetary standards. There are numerous cheats these days identified with cards and cash. The assault happens on cards and money where the subtleties of cards and money are took by the assailants. These subtleties are then abused for extortion exercises of withdrawal (Martins, Oliveira Popovi?, 2014). The kind of assaults in ATM happens are skimming, angling of cards and money tapping which are regular these days. The taking of card and money subtleties influences the clients severely bringing about budgetary misfortune for clients just as banks. End The above conversations reason that a business data framework is an important part for an association before beginning of any undertaking. The report shows the examination of business data frameworks through a contextual investigation of an ATM framework. The advancement of ATM framework is altogether dissected to give a review of the adequacy of the business data framework. The framework vision report quickly portrays the parts of ATM framework that will be required to build up the framework. The report centers around how ATM framework can be worked with the gave assets, partner partners and thought about dangers to forestall. In this manner, it very well may be inferred that framework vision archive regarding business data framework gives a diagram of any undertaking. References Ahmad, N., Rifen, A. A. M., Wahab, M. H. A. (2016, November). AES Cardless Aut adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-44733249465578532542020-08-21T10:57:00.001-07:002020-08-21T10:57:36.034-07:00Environmental Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsEcological Issues - Essay Example The third issue talked about is the biological system estimating of products and ventures. The fourth blueprints the U.S. Office of Commerce's situation contrary to Precautionary Principle. The last and fifth issue talked about in the paper is rewording the change to natural agribusiness. This paper, along these lines, gives a reasonable and justifiable synopsis of the considerable number of issues as examined in the book. Issue 1 - Precautionary Principle In the book, the contention happens between Nancy Myers who bolsters the issue while Goldstein Bernard contends contrarily towards the issue. The diagram of contradiction between the two rule patrons shows more the contention and goes about as an investigation of the equivalent. The main difference is the convictions of Nancy Meyer about prudent guideline legitimizes that the individuals reserve a privilege to know the dangers behind the decisions proposed to make and along these lines be wary in return of advantages. This allows t he individuals to know however much as could reasonably be expected the risks on any activity. As per Nancy, the makers increment the conceivable outcomes of picking the choices which target lessening the dangers as a more secure option in contrast to the shoppers. On his side, Goldstein Bernard contends that preparatory standard can't be named a risk to the toxicological science. He puts together the contention with respect to the way that, most definitions need while thinking about prudent rule. Another difference between Nancy Meyer and Goldstein Bernard is on the hazard appraisal. There had been contentions in the past that prudent rule isn't required by the individuals. Nancy Meyer, then again, contends in an alternate point of view that hazard evaluation has been utilized to crash the utilization of the prudent activities fittingly. As per Stein (2000), the appraisals of the dangers require the leaders to accumulate enough data to settle on the choice. These standards end up i n the board of the dangers as opposed to forestalling them. Nancyââ¬â¢s words were once legitimized by Thompson (2001), who inferred that the standard hazard appraisal must be helpful in high states of vulnerability. This is on the grounds that it very well may be used to in aiding in foundation of better option in contrast to the advances which are perilous. As opposed to the perspectives on Nancy, Goldstein Bernard contends that there are various moves that one can make as a transition to insurance. He says that it would be beneficial for one to think about a portion of the activities under the counteraction classification. Goldstein Bernard groups the avoidance activities as essential and optional counteraction. The presumption of the essential counteractions is that, there is no difficult when beginning for example an individual beginning smoking where no cigarettes are created. He keeps on argueing that there are no underlying issues announced at the underlying stage and the essential counteraction should, along these lines, point in avoidance of any activity which may trigger issues later. Then again, Goldstein Bernard discloses the auxiliary avoidance to rely upon the early disclosure of the issues. For instance, diagnosing the hypertension before the patients gets a stroke. Goldstein Bernard contentions strikingly clarify that the activities taken because of environmental hazard appraisal and the board happens as a result of being auxiliary avoidance. This is particularly when the issue is identified with the synthetic concoctions which are known to be harmful. There is another adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-58143094713557622772020-05-26T05:57:00.001-07:002020-05-26T05:57:05.350-07:00Guidelines For A Beginner To Investing Finance Essay - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4836 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Here are some guidelines for that beginner who interest to invest in gold. Gold is hot topic for investment recently. Gold is stated as safer for investment. The gold possess some rare features which are gold could as a medium of exchange, as a store of wealth to increase and store of its power. Normally, people will use the gold to store of wealth because the value of gold is always maintained stable. It also could against any change of depreciation of paper money. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Guidelines For A Beginner To Investing Finance Essay" essay for you Create order According the history of gold, gold is very stable asset even there is any others assets could replace of it. The attractiveness of gold is related in several aspects such as macroeconomic, geopolitical, monetary and systemic risk that cause the global financial system and economy. Gold is a successful and profitability investment due to its diversification and management of risk. The pyramid I below has shown the level of risk investment where the pyramid II has shown the instrument used to invest.[1]Based on the pyramid I, the level risk of investment start from the bottom which is Foundation to the top which is Speculation. Thus, a healthy portfolio consist a wide range of assets including a series of equities with appeal to variety market, different countries, different view of risk conscious is important to be considered. In these uncertain times, caution and risk consciousness is crucially important and counterparty and systemic risk should be considered. The more important thing is to determine what amount of each asset class to have and to own assets that will whether the onslaught of inflation, deflation, stagflation and even hyperinflation. Some exposure to gold should be included in all diversified portfolios. A good rule of thumb would be minimum allocation relevant to the gold investment. Once there is a motive to push you to buy any investment like gold, and you have decided which form you are going to buy, there are several roles that your wish to portray. Are you a speculator, investor or saver? Do you wish to take a short term speculative position in gold? Are you investing for the short, medium or long term? Or are you diversifying, saving or using as a form of financial insurance? Gold Investment Pyramid The ascending order of the gold risk is insurance, investment/ saving, investment and speculation. If there any investors are seeking for the portfolio investment project, they could consider invest in gold. It is undeniable that gold has a long-term store of value, is an asset of last resort, is a highly liquid and is a good way to diversify your assets. One of the functions of gold could be stated as store of value because it fulfills all of the function of money. As we all know, there are four functions of money which are medium of exchange, standard of value, store of value, and source of liquidity. Money is portable, divisible, and indestructible, easily recognizes and always accepted a s form of payment. While any fluctuation of currency, gold withstand inflation and market fluctuation. It is a secure aspect of any investment portfolio. In addition, the price of gold is not affected by the companys profit unlike stocks and bonds. However, it is rely on the supply and demand, the rate of US dollar, inflation and interest rates. There is negative relationship between the price of gold and the price of stocks and bonds. When the market bottom out, gold generally increase in value, thereby stabilizing the investment portfolio. Normally, government or banks will hold physical gold to limit their losses in paper asset. In addition, household investors should also consider using a same successful hedge tactic to protect their own portfolios. Risk of gold There is no possible of any investment does not contain any risk. Basically, the point of views of investors is the concept of high risk high return. Risk averse of an investor will take low risk and low return investment, while the risk taker of investor will take high risk high return investment. Different investor has different degree of acceptance of the risk. There is no doubt that the financial instruments have 3 main types of risk which are credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk.[2]Each of risk will affect the return of the investment. Credit risk is the risk that the possibility of debtor unable to cover required financial obligation. Next, the liquidity risk is the risk that the cash needed in shock and wish to sell the asset as soon as possible to convert the cash, but the buyer cannot be found. Last but not least is the market risk is the risk that the change of prices as a result from the uncertain situation or fluctuation of the economic environment. Risk is unpredictable in sometime. Investors may unable to predict what kind of the risk will meet due to the uncertain environment. For any investors who are interested in the investment in gold, there is a risk consideration that investors should understand. According to the guideline from Public bank, the returns on the GIA are subject to movements of international gold price and US dollar foreign exchange. Capital loss may incur as a result of untimely disposal of gold holdings under a depressed gold price. Apart from that, there is a warning from Public bank which is the return of gold investment account are subject to the gold price fluctuation and US dollar foreign exchange. The customer is remained that this product is not insured by Perbadanan Insurance deposit Malaysia. Gold does not have any credit risk because it is unique. Nobody will carry gold as a liability. It is because coupon and redemption payment will not be made, so it is no risk for gold. However, the bond, or the firm will go out of business, as for equity. In addition, effect of economic policies of the issuing country or undermined by inflation in the country will not bring any harmful or influence toward the value of gold. Apart from that, liquidity risk of gold is quite low as a result from 24 hours trading business hour. The transaction of gold among the world is conducted by 24 hours basis. It is because certain country may close the transaction while others country just only start the business transaction. The buyer of gold are comes from anywhere. For instance, jewellery field contains a lot of buyer to financial institutions, plenty of investment ways cater to the buyer like coins and bars, jewellery, future and options, exchange-traded funds, certificated and structured produ ct. In the fact, the transaction of the gold is dealing at not such big area to spreads and more rapidly than many competing diversifiers or even mainstream investment. Thus the gold market is deep and liquid. According to experience of the 1990s, it shows the gold price declined sharply. It is clearly represent that the gold is subject to market risk from the experience 1990s. The risk related to the gold price is totally different with other risk of asset. The reason of the golds attractiveness is portfolio diversifier. Investors no doubt wish to maximize the return and minimize the risk. In order to minimize the risk, many investors are seeking to receive more effective diversification in their portfolios by choosing the best alternative investment. Gold has strong return because it is not associated with other assets. The data below had shown the 5 year correlation of weekly returns on key assets classes and golf (USD), to June 2009. Source : Bloomberg, World Gold Council Since the gold attractiveness which is portfolio diversified, there is more and more banks agreement on gold. For instances, European central banks renew CBGA and stated that gold remains an important element of global monetary reserves. Except gold, other bonds or securities will be influenced by the pressure on the health government and corporate sector during the economic recession. Measurement for market risk is volatility. Volatility does not measure the direction of prices changes, merely their dispersion. The more volatile an asset lead to the riskier of the asset. However, the gold price is normally less volatile because of the depth and liquidity of the gold market which are supported by the availability of large above-ground stocks of gold. According to Money week magazine research, each type of gold has different risk consideration, cost, delivery and so forth. Now, let us take a look for each type golds risk, consideration, cost, delivery and so forth. Source : Money week- UKs Best selling Financial Magazine Gold investment advice Before going to make any investment, investors should do some research pertaining to what kind of investment the investors are going to invest, when is the right for investors to put the money in, How much investment amount should put in, and so forth. Investors should seek every aspect pertaining to the investment that investors want to invest. Thus, investors have an opportunity to look overall situation at different investment opportunities that are being suitable for investor. Confidence in traditional investment vehicles such pensions and equities as seen better days and many investors are still licking their wounds after the dotcom crash that has overshadowed investment markets since beginning of the decade( UK investment advice).[3]However, over-confidence by the investors will lead to investment failure. It is because some investors may over-confidence in certain investment especially the investment consists low risk, then the investment will show hand and put all the asset of themselves into a basket of investment. Actually, this kind of behavior is wrong and make harmful for the investors. Normally, the investment adviser will advise the investor cannot to do it so, but the intense of the investors insist to do. Consequently, the investors may loss everything. So, investors nowadays ought to learn from this lesson. However, nowadays investors are far conscious of the need for low risk investments that bring solid growth in the long term compare to th e higher risk assets.[4]According to the World Gold Council, the gold investment demand predicted to increase. The gold investment demand was higher than that for gold jewellery until the later 1960s and predicted an uptick in both in 2010 as investors flock to precious metal as a safe haven vehicle and the jewellery sector recovers (Globe and Mail, Martin Murenbeeled, chief economist). Therefore, it could possible attract many investors to invest or hold or buy the gold. 5There are some tips and advice for the investors as a guideline before they are going to invest in certain investment. First, the investors have to take a look from the reputable publication such as Business Week or Fortune. In practice, these kinds of publications provide point of view by certain famous economist or news of the gold investment market regularly. No doubt, these kind of publication possess a good name in several aspect of fields. 6Next, investors could look for some information from the journalists that work under the reputable publications. In addition, these publications will set up a QA site for people to ask the question. So the investors could post their queries on there about the gold investment. However, if the investors feel unsure or unsecure about the information that has been provided, investors could directly make call to them for getting further detail about the gold investment. Not only is the journalist from the pubilication, there also some journalists from the professional financial. In this kind of journalists, they will always update the information about market as it stands, and give accurate information on which best alternative chance for investor to make the investment. Advice for the investors is tried to look for the high quality newspaper or journalist in order to obtain more accurate information. It is no doubt that investors could find the clues or hints or tips from the international markets. The international markets will exhibits the news pertain the currently situation to the general field of gold trading. However, investor could not rely on the domestic market since it is affected by the localized issue. As we mentioned, the value of gold will not affected the issue of the political and economic downturn. No matter how fluctuation about the political event, the value of gold does share with it. Therefore, investors have to see through overall sectors that might cater any information for decision making. Moreover, overall prices of gold investment could be determined by the general economic situation in investors country. Investors should always get ready when there is any economic turn bad. It is because it might impact on the reaction of the gold market. Thus, investors ought to get ready against any change in investment and preparation of ways in order to minimize the loss. This preparation could be stated as Prevention is better than cure. In addition, some investors may get the gold market information from the media. Obviously, the report from media will more abstract sometime. Investors might misunderstand the information from the media. Apart from that, sometime the media disclose the information of gold with too optimistic or too pessimistic. Thus, the investors should not totally trust the information from the media. Investors should have the ability to analyze the every information that the investors obtain. Investors should more understand the every concept that might trigger any changes to the market before the investors entirely depend on the information from media for decision making. Therefore, it could reduce the possibility failure of the gold investment. There are some avoided actions that investors should take note. Investors do not listen to the myths that what it had figure out pertain to the investment. Investors must have the ability to distinguish the wrong or right information. Investors could not entirely rely on the belief of society. It might influence the decision making of the investors. Anyone could own the gold investment as the asset as long as they have the inclinations and drive to participate in the market. Normally, gold is split into smaller and traded at lower prices which that the investor could expect out if they compliance the mythical claims. Once the investors decide to hold the gold investment, there is no reason for the investors not join in the market. Besides that, investors do not make up the facts as they have gone through. Investors should make the gold investment follow the sound factual information. This can be very costly investment and therefore the investors have to ensure that they are ready to against the truth from the unexpected happening rather than speculation like gambling. It is better to get sound gold investment advice before proceed any further. Investors could get the information from the individual trader. Individual trader may provide some useful information because their job always related to the gold investment. Individual trader basically provides the information pertain to the investment of gold that may trigger any change on the market. Indeed, investors should not entirely trust on their information because individual trader might be working with the self-interest that is not immediately obvious. Some investors will invest in gold investment because of their family. They hear from their family member talks about how good of a certain investment. Actually, investors should not listen up the prediction of the family because they are not professional about the investment. Even their prediction or information might be wrong. So reliability the information from the family is low. However, if they are speaking from the experience then investors might listen it and seek for evidence whether the information from their experience is right or wrong. It is no doubt that it might be the individual tips or clues from them. So investors could make it as a reference, but not totally rely on. Some investors might use the fund from the pension to do the investment. Pension fund will you some advice. Pension fund manager might advice you to invest in gold in order to expand the potential of your portfolio. They are possible receive the bad risk when they take part in the process and disagree the decision had been made. You should keep contact with the pension fund manger if you are really interest invest in gold investment. 7Those investors who really interest invest in gold investment; they could seek help from the banks. Banks could always give the actual information and advice for the investors in anytime. Even banks will set out a special site for any investors need the consultation on the investment. Thus, bank will provide recommendation which gold product should investment. Investors need to be forefront of such efforts if investors are given the right to seek for any golden chance in variety aspect of investment. In fact investors are possible to have higher standards from the bank advisers. If anyone of the investor is consolidated with others, they could give the advisable to each other this is showing the mercy to the partner. Any objection from the majority rule, then the suggestion should be amended or delay it to operate. If lucky, the decision of any investment will be proved and follow what propose have been made. The internet is a rich source in gold investment opportunities for sure. Investor could find our as many as possible they want. No doubt, some of the information could be made by some fake investment advice. Even, not all the information provided in the internet are totally right. However, investor still be advised to seek the information as much as possible in order to fulfill the need before making decision. Determinants of Gold price What are the factors cause the price of gold to change?[8]Based on the research from the World Gold Council Document, it exhibits that the gold price is determined by two sets of the factors which are supply and macro-economic factors. It is indirectly correlation between supply and price of gold. According to World Gold Council Documents economic study, the available supply of gold in the market is made up of three major above-ground sources. First, reclaimed scrap or gold reclaimed from jewellery and other industries such as electronic and dentistry; Second, official, or central bank, sales; Third, gold loan made to the market from official gold reserves for borrowing and lending purposes. However, US dollar is also negative relationship with the price of gold in term of the macro-economic factors, when inflation and gold tend to move in tandem with each other. Indeed, higher real interest rates are generally negative factors for gold. No one could deny that the value of the gold is very hard to determine because there is no underlying cash flow.[9]According to private investors Mr. Adam Katz, he has done studies about applying the P/E concept to Gold. He looked at the money supply to determine the future gold price. He has used the TMS model which is M1, M2, MZM, or True Money Supply to indicate the relationship between the money supply and the factors of gold price. Based on the analysis from Mr. Adam Ktaz, gold is the leading indicator for money supply; not the other way around. In 1980s, the True Money supply grew higher the value of gold price. If the premium of gold price higher than TMS as result of the increase money supply in future. This also intervenes that increase in the money supply could arise without gold requirement increasing in value. Besides that, price of gold could be increased if the demand of gold shock increases. From the advice by Mr. Adam Ktaz, investors should find a best alternative approach to play the rising money supply. Treasuries and real estate have external risks outside of the money supply. Apart from that, Federal could reduce the excess liquidity. Therefore, gold can move significantly lower as expectations of money supply increase diminish. Let proceed further pertaining to the relationship between gold and money supply.[10]There is evidence that the gold is an asset that has low correlation to most financial assets, both in expansionary and recessionary periods. This could be explained by the behavior of gold over the short-run or long-run. In a global context, effect of the money supply could influence on the performance of gold. For instance, there is an inversely relationship between dollar and the gold. It is shown that the gold is a better asset to invest than other assets like stocks and the bonds in times when inflation happens. Basically, the money supply is controlled and fixed by the central bank. Central bank uses the expansionary monetary policy when recessions occur. Central bank will lower the reserve ratio or lower the discount rate or increase the reserve auction in order to increase the excess reserves for the commercial banks. Thus, commercial banks will have more excess reserves make loan to the cust omer. In addition, this action will lead to the federal fund rate decrease. Even increase the money supply in the public, thus the interest rate fall linkage to the investment spending increase. Therefore, the aggregate demand of the country will increase. Ended up, the real GDP of the country will increase which mean that the expansionary monetary policy upward the pressure of the investment spending to improve the economic growth. Conversely, when inflation arises; Central bank would use the restrictive monetary policy to reduce the money supply in the public. Federal sells the bonds to increase the reserve ratio, increase the discount rate or decrease reserve auctions. This policy will cause the excess reserves decrease, thus commercial banks have less amount to loan out for customers. At the same time, the federal funds rate will increase linkage to the money supply falls. After that, the interest rate will raise as a result the investment spending decrease. At the end, the aggr egate demand decrease and the inflation decline. In conclusion, there is a directly relationship between money supply and gold can exist in either case. How could be say that? As mentioned earlier, increase the money supply will boost the economic growth because the interest rate fall stimulate the many investors more willing to do the investment including in gold investment. Nevertheless, as excess money enters the system and the economy remains stagnant, investors will seek for the investment is less risky in order to protect their wealth such gold. According the World Gold Councils report, there is evidence that money supply growth has an impact on future gold performance. 11There is some information about the determinant of gold price given by Mr. Zoher Doctor. He is a financial Planner. According to Mr.Zoher, the total gold supply to the market in each period from extraction is directly correlation with the lagged gold price. However, there is an inversely relationship between the movement of Dollar with the price of gold. All the determinant of price of gold should be seriously consider when the investors need to do some predict in the gold price. The table above show that determinants of price of gold. The gold of supply occupies the higher percentage influence the price of gold with 50%. The US dollar is second largest factor follow by the gold supply impact on the gold price. It is because the returns on the gold are subject to the movements of international gold price and US dollar foreign exchange. Determinants of the price of gold in terms of the Short-run and Long-run Here are some analysis pertaining to the price of gold in the long run period.[12]According to the Eric J.Levin and Roert E. Wright, there are three posibles results to identical the determinant of gold price in the long run. First, the relationship between price of gold and the US price level is belong to the long term status. Second, the movement of price of gold and the US price level are move together in a statistically important long run relationship. It mean that the increase of US price level with 1 percent , the price of gold will follow to increase with 1 percent. In addition, it exhibit the gold is a long-term hedge against inflation. Third, long term relationship could be triggered from a wake of a shock., there is a slow revrsion back toward it. Based on the reseach from Eric J.Levin andRoert E.Wright, the estimate of error correction term is -0.019, which implies that each months error is about 2 per cent smaller than the previous month. In effect, in the aftermath of a shock, it typcaly takes around five year to eliminate two-thirds of the deviation from the long-term relationship between the price of gold and the US price level. However, the price of gold and US inflation are directly correlation ship to each other in the short-run. Any movement of the price of gold will be directly affected by the any fluctuation in US inflation, US inflation volatility and credit risk. Conversely, any modify in the price of gold and the changes in the US dollar trade-weighted exchange rate and the gold lease rate are inversely relationship. Gold would become as the inflation hedge. The reason is if the dollar deprecation will reduce the gold price to the outsider the US, which will increase their demand for gold and thus increase the dollar price of gold or if dollar depreciation will rose US inflation. Source: World Gold Council Prediction the price of gold 2010 13In order to estimate what is the price of gold in 2010, there are some should take into consideration such as global economic trens, the strategy used and get ready when a depreciate of dollar, and inflationary rate. The dealing price of the gold may fluactuate above the 1000 dollars per ounce basd on the prediction in the December 2009 to 2010. Even, at the end of year, the price could boost up to the 1500 dollars per ounce. Such case may trigger double loss for the investor if they afraid it will be just for short lived. In addition, another prediction show that the price may decline to less than 800 dollar per ounce in the following year which close to end of 2010 or 2011. Based on the resource from CNBC Stock Blog and CNBC TV interview, is it wild fold preices expected for 2010? Actully it is unable to estimate the real gold price in 2010. The reason is too much of uncertainty may happen. In any how, investor should be careful to deal with thhis investment. Some of the predition is just for information and forecast for gold price in 2010, it might not really truth actually. What is reason to predict that the higher gold price in 2010? One of reason is the price of gold keep increase from the year 2006 to 2009 with the 400 dollar per ounce to 1,100 and above dollar. In the past, function of gold is used to against the depreciation of dollar. It is because the gold unlike currency and it would not affect by the economic situation. There are negative relationship bewteen gold and currency. Nevertheless, gold is always quoted per ounce in US dollar. Therefore, when the dollar depreciate , investor will try to look for the best althernative to grabs more value in the dollar. Other reason is in pratice, central banks will keep gold as a the reserves. If central banks use net buying of gold as a result of the pressure upward the price goes up. Conversly, it the central bank sell, subsidy provided with the price per ounce. Well, next factor is futures and commodities needed is keep increasing by the investors. It will trigger and raise the value of gold because of the interest rate of investment increase as well. Interactive Gold Price Chart Source: www.GoldAlert.com Gold Investment News First,[14]Gold Stock Divergence case highlighted a few month ago is still in place.(Brian Hunt in Steve Sjuggeruds Daily Wealth. The changes and the movement of Gold Mining stocks and the US stock Market are at the same speed. The Boad market kept declined. However, gold stock still maintained solid, keep to strength in gold itself. Based on the performance chart provided by Steve Sjuggerud, divergence is still in place. Gold Mining Stocks(the black lne) are showing positive returns and climbing. The SP 500 (the Blue line) is showing negative returns and falling. Next news pertaining to the gold is The worlds anti-dollar.[15]Ready For A Dollar Collapse? (David Bradshaw). Can be the gold to be a currency As we hear before, gold is a commodity, no different with others. According to the Paul Bodsky, gold is a currency whose daily price is a gauge of the markets concern about the potential diminishment of the purchasing power of the dollar and other paper currency. Assume what he say is right, there will no inflation or deflation occur in the economic, and cause a possible real issue for gold market. Source from: Federal Reserve; WSJ research adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-84935306970288179012020-05-15T12:32:00.001-07:002020-05-15T12:32:06.798-07:00Puritans And The Church Of England - 1301 Words In the seventeenth century, England Puritans noticed that the Church of England was tolerating too many practices that were associated with the Church of Rome. The Puritans frowned upon this. The Puritans held a high view of scripture and believed that the English Reformation had not gone far enough in reforming the church (The Puritan Beliefs, 2004). The England Puritans desired to ââ¬Ëpurifyââ¬â¢ and change the church from within, however it was unsuccessful in England and Puritans relocated. In the early-mid seventeenth century, thousands of England Puritans migrated from England to North America, primarily New England, to practice religious freedom. (What is Puritanism and what did the Puritans believe?, 2015) The Puritansââ¬â¢ very conservative view on religion and the idea of purifying the Church of England led them to live and worship as God would like them to. Because of their view on religion, any acts/behaviors that seemed unusual or abnormal was thought to be the work of the devil. This lead to a series of court cases involving the accusations of persons doing witchcraft/interacting with the devil, also known as the Salem witch trials. The Salem witch trials began in February 1692 in Salem Village, Massachusetts. It all started with a group of young girls that claimed to be possessed by the devil that started all of the mayhem soon to follow. The allegedly possessed group of young girls began accusing several local women of witchcraft; the town broke out into massShow MoreRelatedThe Puritan Position On The Church Of England1123 Words à |à 5 PagesPuritanism Originally, Puritanism was considered a reform movement in the Church of England. The movement began during the late 16th century in England; however, it later spread to other Northern English territories in the New World (Collinson 5). The American Puritans laid the foundation for political, social and religious order. American Puritans assisted greatly in transforming the society, politics and religion of the American history. In a society that has adequate resources, an individualRead MoreHow Were The Puritans Different From The Pilgrims?961 Words à |à 4 PagesHow were the Puritans different from the Pilgrims? According to US History, a community of christians traveled across the ocean to an unknown land, different from the society they left behind, they called themselves Pilgrims. The Pilgrims made up the states of Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, which were the southern colonies. The Puritans made up the New England colonies, they were located in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. The firstRead MoreThe Impact of Puritans on the Development of America and Its Influence on Modern Society1141 Words à |à 5 PagesImpact of Puritans on the Development of America and its influence on modern society The Puritans came to America in search of greater freedom for religious liberty. They felt unable to worship and practice their theological perspectives as long as they were under the umbrella of the Church of England. The puritans views with the Church of England began differ greatly and they felt they could no longer be under their control. The Puritans decided that they needed to break free from the Church of EnglandRead MoreEssay on King James 1 and the Church1213 Words à |à 5 PagesKing James 1 and the Church King James IV, of Scotland, seized the English throne in 1603 after the death of Elizabeth I and became James I of England. He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and had been King of Scotland since 1567. During his reign, James increased the power of the monarchy making his rule absolute. James I was involved with every area of government. Under his rule Scotland and England were united, the King James Version of the Bible was published, William Shakespeare andRead MoreThe Reformation Of The England979 Words à |à 4 PagesSpain and France dominated when it came to owning land and the riches. England was suffering internally as a country. England longed for the riches and power that Spain and France had. England found a way to become number one in the hierarchy of the countries and began voyages in search of new land. Once England came upon the new land, they realized useful resources such as lumber, spices and other goods were in abundance. Settlements began to surface, creating several colonies that were categorizedRead MoreInfluence of the Puritan Faith on the Development of New England768 Words à |à 3 PagesThe New England colonies rapidly developed though out the 1600s. This mass of development was influenced by the Puritans, whom founded a majority of the New England and several Middle colonies. The Puritan philosophies and values formed and directed the progress of the colonies. Socially, strict emphasis on church and community was influential in other colonial settlements as well. Politically, unification and representation derived from the Puritans. 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Not only would this society be free from the persecution that they endured in Old England; it would be free to create what the leader of the religion referred to as a perfect society. In their attempt to escape the persecution they had come so accustomed to, they set up their own rigid belief system based on the inclusion of the human soul andRead MoreEssay about puritanism1242 Words à |à 5 Pages The Puritans dream was to create a model society for the rest of the Christians.. Their goal was to make a society in every way connected to god. Every aspect of their lives, from political views and employment to recreation and dress, was taken into account in order to live a more pious life. But to really understand what the aspirations of the puritans were, we must first understand their beliefs. The Puritans believed that a manââ¬â¢s only purpose in life was ââ¬Å"to glorify God on earth and, if he wereRead Moreââ¬Å"in What Ways Did the Ideas and Values Held by the Puritans Influence the Political, Economic, and Social Development of the New England Colonies from 1630 Through the 1660ââ¬â¢s?â⬠861 Words à |à 4 PagesIn the 1630s and the 1640s, the Puritans traveled to the colonies to detach from their opinion of a convoluted Church of England. They set up towns and started new lives that were all based on their idea of a pure religion. The Puritans definition of a pure religion did not include many of the ideas of the Church of England. They built the colonies and made a system based upon the idea that God was the most important aspect of life. Puritan ideas and values influenced the political, economic, adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-16945043810615048212020-05-06T16:36:00.001-07:002020-05-06T16:36:09.124-07:00Things Fall Apart vs. Heart of Darkness Essay - 1617 Words African Colonization through Literature: Things Fall Apart Vs. Heart of Darkness History is an extraordinary mix of truth and fiction. The dichotomy that is bred from different historic al perspectives opens the eyes of those who study history to the semi-fabricated nature of much of humanities past. For most of recorded history, events have been recorded and retold through the eyes of the victors. Only recently have people had the opportunity to view both sides of issues. The Western practice of free speech has allowed both victors and victims to tell their tal es. A glimmering example of differences in historical opinion pertains to the colonization of Africa by Europeans. For years the commonly accepted notion about Africa wasâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦European explorers found vast amounts of natural resources like ivory, tea and minerals. These discoveries set off the infamous ââ¬Å"Scramble for Africaâ⬠in which European countries rushed to colonize their ââ¬Å"slice of Africa.â⬠Europeans justified their imperialistic ways with the belief that they were doing a service to the indigenous populations and that it was their duty to spread their superior ways. This belief is best exemplified by the poem The White Manââ¬â¢s Burden by Rudyard Kipling. The poem was written as a result of the United States takeover of the Philippines. Therefore it does not directly pertain to the colonization of Africa but the same mindset that lead to the American occupation of the Philippines caused the European rape of Africa. In the poem the term ââ¬Å"white manââ¬â¢s burden is a symbol of imperialism. Kipling is literally describing Western expansion as an onus of necessity that is charged to the ââ¬Å"white man.â⬠The poet continues by urging the white man to ââ¬Å"fill full the mouth of famine and bid the sickness cease.â⬠This passage demonstrates two things. First, the belief that ââ¬Å"famineâ⬠and ââ¬Å"sicknessâ⬠were prevalent in other cultures and, second, that the white man had the c apabilities to solve these afflictions. The previous two extracts from the poem give the impression that Westerners believed that other people in the world were helpless and that they would struggle to survive without the intervention of the Western world. InShow MoreRelatedHeart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad vs. Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe1476 Words à |à 6 PagesHeart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad and Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe are two novellas written to make a statement about the struggles of early societies. 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Manââ¬â¢s fallenRead MoreComparing The Novel Lord Of The Flies And Heart Of Darkness2292 Words à |à 10 PagesTopic: Comparing behavior of two main characters from two different books Introduction There are both similarities and differences between the protagonists of the Novels Lord of the Fliesâ⬠(Golding) and ââ¬Å"Heart of Darknessâ⬠(Conrad). In each case we have the supposedly civilized individual(s) degenerating into savagery. As well, other characters are involved and highly influenced by the protagonist(s). This report discusses these two books and what can be observed from comparing works of essentiallyRead More Heart of Darkness versus MacBeth Essay1677 Words à |à 7 Pages Heart of Darkness and MacBethà à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à à Joseph Conrad and William Shakespeare are not traditionally paired up for a critical analysis. However, the characters MacBeth and Kurtz in MacBeth and Heart of Darkness, respectively, prove to be worthy of comparison. MacBeth and Kurtz share many common characteristics: both have vaulting ambition that leads both to their success and their demise, a superiority complex, and both make similar sacrifices to achieve their goal. DespiteRead MoreComparing The Novels Lord Of The Flies And Heart Of Darkness4107 Words à |à 17 PagesThere are both similarities and differences between the protagonists of the Novels Lord of the Fliesâ⬠(Golding) and ââ¬Å"Heart of Darknessâ⬠(Conrad). In each case we have the supposedly civilized individual(s) degenerating into savagery. As well, other characters are involved and highly influenced by the protagonist(s). This report discusses these two books and what can be observed from comparing works of essentially dif ferent world perspectives ââ¬â one was published in 1902 and the other in 1954Read MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1513 Words à |à 7 Pagesas conflict begins, things become more disorganized. 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(123-33) Three Generations and Women Sonnys father, mother, uncle Sonny, narrator, Isabel The school boys and the narrators children We assume things from one generation to the next get better. The narrator questions thisRead MoreHow I Read Literature Like A Professor Notes3177 Words à |à 13 PagesThe vampire leaves his mark on the victim/ steals innocence â⬠¢ The vampire is corrupted with older values â⬠¢ Victim gets stripped away of youth, energy and virtue â⬠¢ Death/destruction of victim â⬠¢ Vampirism symbols- selfishness and exploitation â⬠¢ Scary things (ghosts, vampires, etc.) symbolize various aspects of our more common reality â⬠¢ Ghosts and vampires are always about something other than their selves â⬠¢ Vampires and ghosts gain strength by weakening someone else (denial of someone elseââ¬â¢s right to adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-31397385757591930292020-05-05T19:38:00.001-07:002020-05-05T19:38:12.943-07:00Prevention The Key to Stress Free Living free essay sample A look at various situational and social approaches to crime prevention. This paper compares and contrasts the relative merits of situational and social approaches to crime prevention. The writer takes us on an exploratory journey through the definition of each and then illustrates different situations that the approaches could be used for. Crime is a topic that can make the most secure person nervous. We work hard and we have homes and the thought of someone invading our safety and security is something that can shake the most stoic amongst us. Crime prevention has become a key focus in recent years and the prevention methods have undergone serious study. Crime prevention can general be divided into two categories, social and situational. Social prevention involves neighborhood groups and other means of societal teamwork while situational prevention is about preventing a crime in one instance through private means and methods. Each approach has a place in todays society and each approach has merit. We will write a custom essay sample on Prevention: The Key to Stress Free Living or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The key to the most effective prevention of crime is to understand the approaches and use them at the right time. Crime prevention that involves citizens as well as law enforcement personnel will be the key to a safer future. One of the most important aspects of crime prevention is reducing the opportunity for a crime to be committed. adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-88826917625374411042020-04-13T16:21:00.001-07:002020-04-13T16:21:02.578-07:00Pay for Performance in the NFL Essay ExamplePay for Performance in the NFL Paper Statistics Project Pay for Performance in the NFL Introduction Pay for performance is a common theme throughout almost all organizations. Merit increases, performance bonuses for executives, and commissions for real estate salespeople are common examples of this concept. Even teachersââ¬â¢ pay in some states is linked to performance of their students. According to the Washington Post, the state of Florida instituted a policy that individual teacherââ¬â¢s raises and performance starting in 2007 will be tied directly to studentââ¬â¢s scores on standardized tests. This pay for performance concept has generally been accepted by the new Obama administration and may make its way into more common usage across the United States. In corporate America, examples of pay for performance are quite common, especially for top executives. Most year end bonuses are based on individuals meeting certain criteria established by the board of directors. These bonuses can be quite substantial. According to the Proxy Statement for Meredith Corporation, the total executive bonuses for the year 2007 exceeded $2. 5 million dollars. While pay for performance seems a reasonable concept in general, it is not without its critics. In education, there are a number of critics that question the fairness of the standardized test score results as a measure of teacher performance. They worry about teaching towards the exam at the expense of the overall education of the student. The criticism from Congress and much of the population of the United States over the bonuses paid to AIG executives questions how performance is actually measured. This paper will attempt to partially address the issue of pay for performance in professional sport, specifically in the National Football League. We will write a custom essay sample on Pay for Performance in the NFL specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pay for Performance in the NFL specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pay for Performance in the NFL specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Many different positions in football are difficult to obtain good performance measures. Offensive lineman, special teams players especially do not have good measures of individual performance that are tracked. This analysis will focuses on two groups of NFL players, quarterbacks and running backs where individual performance measures are readily available. Analytical Technique A correlation study will be done on a variety of performance measures and the salaries of both NFL quarterbacks and running backs to see which of the individual performance measures are most closely related to the individuals salaries. The assumption will be that the current salary is based on last yearââ¬â¢s performance. In addition to the correlation study, a multiple regression model with the best performance measures will be used to explain the relationship between the measures and salaries. This could be potentially used as a basis of predicting next yearââ¬â¢s salary for those players that are in contract discussions or are entering the market as free agents. The data for the study will be obtained from two primary sources, ESPN. com which tracks player performance measures for a number of years, and USATODAY. com for player salaries. Professional football players are compensated in a number of ways, base salary, signing bonus, and other bonuses. This study will be using base salary as the pay in the pay for performance analysis. Performance measures for quarterbacks will include: completion percentage, total passing yardage, touchdown completions, interceptions, and finally QB rating. Performance measures for running backs will include: total yards, yards per game, touchdowns, and fumbles lost. While other measures are collected it is felt that these are the most appropriate performance measures to use for both categories of NFL players. A sample of 22 NFL quarterbacks from the 2007 season was selected while a sample of 13 NFL running backs from 2007 was used. RESULTS NFL quarterbacks: Pearsonââ¬â¢s correlation coefficients for all variables in the study were run and are presented in the table below: |à |PCT |YDS |TD |INT |RAT |Salary | |PCT |1 | | | | | | |YDS |0. 43677 |1 | | | | | |TD |0. 230412 |0. 843951 |1 | | | | |INT |-0. 31751 |0. 475031 |0. 247018 |1 | | | |RAT |0. 639073 |0. 45897 |0. 703364 |-0. 41675 |1 | | |2008 Salary |0. 211532 |0. 562896 |0. 428047 |0. 276031 |0. 265671 |1 | As can be seen in the above table the strongest correlation exists between salary and total yards passing (0. 562896) and the number of touchdowns (0. 428047). The other variables have very weak relationships between themselves and salary and will be excluded from further analysis. It seems that only total passing yards is an important variable in understanding the relationship between quarterbackââ¬â¢s salary and on field performance. A second part of the study is to use a regression model to predict the next periods salary for free agents and other players whose contracts are up for negotiation. It could be a valuable tool in beginning negotiations between the player and team owner. Since only two variables had anything more than a very weak relationship with salary, two regressions will be run. The first is a simple linear regression with yards passing as the independent variable and the second is a multiple regression with number of touchdowns included. The regression analysis is presented below: Simple linear regression using yards: |Regression Statistics | | | | |Multiple R |0. 62896387 | | | | |R Square |0. 316852343 | | | | |Observations |22 | | | | | | | | | | |à |Coefficients |Standard Error |t Stat |P-value | |Intercept |-1267325. 07 |1976273. 783 |-0. 64127 |0. 528628 | |YDS |1839. 467659 |603. 9569583 |3. 045693 |0. 006383 | Multiple regression using yards and touchdowns: |Regression Statistics | | | | |Multiple R |0. 569677436 | | | | |R Square |0. 24532381 | | | | |Observations |22 | | | | | | | | | | |à |Coefficients |Standard Error |t Stat |P-value | |In tercept |-1596606. 7 |2137031. 816 |-0. 747114146 |0. 464141 | |YDS |2290. 32518 |1148. 639878 |1. 993690591 |0. 060741 | |TD |-50963. 9896 |109649. 6343 |0. 464789417 |0. 647365 | The multiple regression will be excluded from use because the sign of the coefficient is negative, implying that the more touchdowns thrown the lower the salary. This is not logical. The most likely cause is that relationship between total yards passing and touchdowns is stronger than the correlation between touchdowns and salary. This could cause the regression coefficient for touchdowns to be unreliable. The regression equation provides only marginal explanatory power, based on the R square this equation using total yards only explains 31. 68% of salary for an NFL quarterback leaving over 68% of salary unexplained. It usefulness as a tool in negotiation would seem to be very limited. NFL running backs: Pearsonââ¬â¢s correlation coefficients for all variables in the study were run and are presented in the table below à |YDS |AVG |TD |FUM |Salary | |YDS |1 | | | | | |AVG |0. 196119 |1 | | | | |TD |0. 382323 |0. 466749 |1 | | | |FUM |0. 017765 |0. 069592 |-0. 31995 |1 | | |Salary |0. 571773 |0. 260196 |0. 38083 |-0. 05109 |1 | Only the total yards gained seem to have anything but a weak relationship with salary. The number of touchdowns being somewhat explanatory of salary and will be used in the multiple regression. Since only two variables had anything more than a very weak relationship with salary, two regressions will be run. The first is a simple linear regression with yards rushing as the independent variable and the second is a multiple regression with number of touchdowns included as well. The regression analysis is presented below: Simple linear regression using yards: Regression Statistics | | | | |Multiple R |0. 57177269 | | | | |R Square |0. 326924009 | | | | | | | | | | |à |Coefficients |Standard Error |t Stat |P-value | |Intercept |-1273523. 69 |1812128. 448 |-0. 702777759 |0. 496798 | |YDS |3659. 184626 |1583. 057254 |2. 311467016 |0. 041192 | Multiple regression using yards and touchdowns: |Regression Statistics | | | | |Multiple R |0. 598119739 | | | | |R Square |0. 57747222 | | | | |Ob servations |13 | | | | | | | | | | |à |Coefficients |Standard Error |t Stat |P-value | |Intercept |-1191870. 48 |1860286. 025 |-0. 64069 |0. 536128 | |YDS |3194. 299878 |1755. 207634 |1. 819899 |0. 098793 | |TD |64585. 6109 |93229. 10033 |0. 692765 |0. 504227 | The multiple regression will be used since it is marginally better in explanatory power than the simple regression model The regression equation provides only marginal explanatory power, based on the R square this equation using total yards only explains 35. 77% of salary for an NFL quarterback leaving over 64% of salary unexplained. It usefulness as a tool in negotiation would seem to be very limited. Conclusion While there seems to be a relationship between player salaries and total yardage for both quarterbacks and running backs, the relationship is not very strong. The use of individual statistics does not seem to explain the greatest proportion of player salaries. It does not seem as if trying to use individual performance measures provides much important information on the value of the player to the team as measured by salary. This could be due to a number of issues. Possibly base salary is not the appropriate measure for player compensation. Maybe the owners look at improvement in individual performance measures over time or the average of the performance measures over time. We also need to consider that qualitative factors play a role in player salaries. It could be the so called ââ¬Å"star powerâ⬠of the player as an entertainment value. Or maybe the owners do not look at the individual statistics but rather the ability of the player to improve overall team performance. Is the owner actually looking at numbers put up by the player or is the owner estimating how many more games can we win by having this player? Sample Data Quarteracks |NAME |PCT |YDS |TD |INT |RAT |salary | |Tom Brady QB, NWE |68. 9 |4806 |50 |8 |117. | |Tomlinson RB, SDG |1474 |4. 7 |15 |0 |$5,750,000 | | Peterson RB, MIN |1341 |5. 6 |12 |4 |$2,821,320 | |Willie Parker RB, PIT |1316 |4. 1 |2 |4 |$2,900,000 | |Jamal Lewis RB, CLE |1304 |4. 4 |9 |4 |$1,400,000 | |E. James RB, ARI |1222 |3. 8 |7 |4 |$5,000,000 | |Fred Taylor RB, JAC |1202 |5. 4 |5 |2 |$4,000,000 | |Thomas Jones RB, NYJ |1119 |3. |1 |2 |$2,000,000 | |M. Lynch RB, BUF |1115 |4 |7 |1 |$2,635,770 | |Frank Gore RB, SFO |1102 |4. 2 |5 |3 |$2,562,000 | |E. Graham RB, TAM |898 |4 |10 |0 |$1,500,000 | |D. Foster RB, CAR |876 |3. 5 |3 |5 |$1,903,120 | |C. Taylor RB, MIN |844 |5. 4 |7 |5 |$3,000,000 | |L. Maroney RB, NWE |835 |4. 5 |6 |0 |$1,571,720 | adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-19931093546690004502020-03-11T14:03:00.001-07:002020-03-11T14:03:02.650-07:00Shift in Architecture essaysShift in Architecture essays What made the shift, from the modern machine culture of Corbusier to the new brutalism order of Team 10. Every phase of architecture has to have an anti-phase, where its ideals are opposed. The young architects who grew up with old masters ideals soon became disenchanted with his visions. It can be harsh because a singular vision of utopia can never be achieved. The birth of Team-X is due to these reasons. CIAM, Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne was started in 1928 as a declaration, signed by 24 architects in Europe. Its agenda emphasizes building rather than architecture as the elementary activity of man intimately linked with evolution and the development of human life. It was primary dominated by the idea of individualism at the first three meetings with topics that focused on the ideal, efficient spaces for individuals and the minimum living standards. At the 4th CIAM in 1933, the ideals of Corbusier took over. His visions of the utopian, modernist Machine City thus spread its influence throughout Europe. City planning became the main focal point of the meetings. This in fact would shape social orders throughout the continents. And during his reign as the main idealist of CIAM, it became the custom of architectural students to flock to CIAM, to re-establish contact with the international Modern Movement, to sit at the feet of its great masters and to acquire those non-parochial standards of architectural values. This consequently lead to the birth of Team 10, the younger generation of architects who were involved with CIAM. They wrote We of the younger generation received a shock at the Aix in seeing how far the wonder of the ville radieuse had faded from CIAM. The members of Team 10, Bakema, Candilis, Gutmann, Howell, van Eyck, Voelcker and the Smithsons were tied together by their ideals of reform the old visions of the original members of CIAM, and also th ... adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-82907859613943832782020-02-24T04:29:00.001-08:002020-02-24T04:29:02.723-08:00Prophet Mohammed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 wordsProphet Mohammed - Essay Example Many are the times that the grandfather was escorted by Mohammed on official duties in the temple. The lonely life of a Sheppard that Mohammed led to the nurturing of the skills required in leading the life of a prophet. In addition, the environment in his early life provided him with the skill set fit to lead and guide people. The reason as to why Mohammed took on prophecy is a blur but at the time, the town of Mecca was filled with many nomadic. These tribes were rivals with each other and they had their own gods and beliefs. This religious diversity at the time was the root of all enmity. At forty years old, Mohammed aspired to become a reformer and hence assumed leadership of a secret society. This organizations goal was to ensure unity in terms of religion and politics among the Arabs. He had come to the realization that with unity comes power. After seeking insight from the Jews and Christians, Mohammed determined that one supreme God was key to achieving his goal of unity amon g the Arabs. After conviction of his call to prophesy, this secret society with its own rules whereby they prayed to one supreme God grew exponentially and is otherwise known as Islam (Margoliouth 86). Mohammed as a prophet had a lot of accomplishments in his time. Hence, he is perceived as one of the greatest people in the Muslim community. He is the founder of the Islamic religion. At a time when there were numerous religious groups each having their own gods among the Arabic people, Mohammed was able to unite the Arabs by forming a secret society. This secret society later became publicized and became the Islamic community. Islam spread out exponentially throughout Mecca whereby they spread the ideology of worshipping and praying to one supreme God. Islam has become a way of life in our society among the Muslim community. It has lead to the peaceful coexistence of people due. This is because Islam gives an individual a sense of inner peace, which results to one having peace of mi nd. The Islamic religion preaches the need to have peaceful relation people of different ethnicities and religious backgrounds. This, as a result, promotes world peace. Islam is also seen to promote peace between an individual and his creator. This paves way for having a blessed life free from sin. Islamic religion is also important because it advocates for submission to Godââ¬â¢s will. Submitting to Godââ¬â¢s will translate to submitting to God, which is the reason to the founding of the Islamic religion. The Islamic religion and culture supports the union in marriage between Muslims in the society. It is Godââ¬â¢s will that man and woman join together in the bond of marriage; the Islamic religion is seen to fulfill this will of God by supporting marriage. It also provides guidance to married couples, which promote long lasting relationships. Above all traits, Islam has promoted unity among people. This unity has come to realization as a result of Islam spreading the messa ge of peace throughout. This has paid off owing to the fact that Islam has spread widely to all corners of the world. Hence, Muslims have been able to coexist peacefully with other religious groups promoting world peace (murata and Chittick 125). Mohammed had become the leader of a vast community; Islam looked up to him for guidance. With Islam becoming a religion that spread vastly throughout the world, there arose the need to create a distinguished place whereby the Islamic adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-37133891781759942072020-02-07T21:14:00.001-08:002020-02-07T21:14:03.511-08:00Reading Journal 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsReading Journal 2 - Coursework Example Also, Jean Le Rond Dalembert, who together with Denis Diderot developed the encyclopaedia that was a compilation of works on trade and mechanical arts (75). Another author who contributed significantly is Mary Wollstonecraft, who advocated the womens positions (85), and Adam Smiths wealth of nations (87) among other works provided to the education. Europe started interacting with the rest of the worlds as early as in the seventeenth century especially with the discovery and settlement in the New World. They had knowledge in ship and gun making which gave them a higher advantage (394). France development was based on mercantilism that required the government to maximize on trade by monopolizing trade with its colonies (395). Europe benefited from slavery and its colonies (399). In the mid eighteenth century, it faced international rivalry; the European nations involved in wars that further split to the colonies (404). Europe suffered seven years of war (1756-1763) that ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. The treaty left Britain in an economic crisis, and their efforts to get funding from America were frustrated by the American Revolution, which ultimately resulted to declaration of American Independence. This period was characterised by a desire for change. Leaders in the enlightenment believed that a man could comprehend the process of nature and manipulate them to their advantage. The ideas of Isaac Newton and John Locke were the forerunners of this knowledge (416). There was development of the print culture, the volume of printed material increased including books, journals and newspapers among others (417). The scholars who were mainly university professors helped expand the print culture (419). They were critical about most religious institutions arguing it hindered pursuit of rational life (420). Publication of the encyclopaedia also contributed to the understanding (423). They also applied their adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-55967720323924226352020-01-29T12:57:00.001-08:002020-01-29T12:57:06.212-08:00Mark Mathabaneââ¬â¢s Kaffir Boy Essay Example for Free Mark Mathabaneââ¬â¢s Kaffir Boy Essay Racial Discrimination, has already been a long term phenomenon, in existent in almost all societies in different eras and civilization. The idea of discrimination is inevitable. Considering that such discrimination creates social structure as regards what is expected of everybody in a society and what is due to them. However, sometimes this social structure is abused, beyond its limit. People who belong to a higher status quo would definitely do whatever it takes to keep it. To illustrate, colonizers who had way better technology, combat powers and knowledge as compared to areas being colonized, would come to these new conquests are superiors. They would then take the locals as slaves and ravish on the wealth that they have to offer. In their own place, these locals become discriminated and unwanted. In return, locals would do whatever it takes to associate themselves with the colonizers, by looking like them, being friends with them, working for them, or marrying people of their kind. And it always seems that it is the right thing to do. When the British came to South Africa, this is exactly what happened. Mark Mathabaneââ¬â¢s Kaffir Boy, tells a real story of a man who chose to fight a different battle to combat discrimination and inequality. While most of his relatives act as freedom fighters, he came to America to educate himself and to excel in a sport he loves. His success has given so much inspiration. His story as depicted in his book will take us with him as he reveals the horrors of his past. Mark Mathabane lived in a country, wherein racial divide, for most of its early years seemed to be the only thing that defines them. South Africa, a country nestled in the continent of Africa, was once invaded by white colonizers too. And they have proven that they came there to stay. In a country such as South Africa, a nation so unique as compared to other nations in the African continent. South Africa can be considered as diverse in a special way, because it is the only African country that has Caucasians as locals. Originally dominated by black Americans, South Africa is now a melting pot of two cultures. Analysis It had never occurred to me that though the two were different as night and day, as separate as east and -west, they had everything to do with each other; that one could not be without the other (94) This statement from Johannes best explains the struggles of Mathabane. In summary it explains how the two dominant races in South Africa has tried to isolate each group against each other, by means of creating physical division such as creating boundaries and naming certain places as black or white territory. Whites are in a way regarded more superior because they are more literate as well. The government also used formal means to strengthen the divide by creating laws such as prohibiting mix marriages, and creating policies in the education system that seems to favor a specific race. Overall, it was almost the generally accepted norm, to- categorize, discriminate. Kaffir Boy, is a tale about Mark Mathabaneââ¬â¢s life growing up in South Africa, just outside of Johannesburg. Mark Mathabane lives in the town of Alexandra during industrial colonialism period with his parents, five sisters and a brother. He talks about how he experienced brutality and starvation from the Peri Urban, an Apartheid police group in South Africa. Growing up very poor, he dreamt of having a better life for him and his family. He often questioned the prejudices happening around him and has decided to take the course of his destiny in his own hands. As a young boy, he struggled with his identity. He wonders which religion he should practice, which country or class he should belong. There is so much craving for autonomy that at a young age he began resenting his parents religious and tribal heritage and eventually decided to leave Africa. Believing that religion, specifically Christianity was used wrongfully by different groups and races, he eventually rejected it. He believes that government used it to claim that God had given whites the divine right to rule over blacks; the black churches misused it by demanding money from Africans who were already destitute; and black churches further misused it by resigning themselves to the idea that this was their lot in life, Gods will for black men and women (36). Mathabane also recalled how apartheid made use of tribalism as form of torture against Africans. He believes that his father, allowed himself to be controlled by superstitions, Relatively mature for his age, he reiterates his independence by doing what he pleases with his life. For Mathabane, the Christian God is bias in favor of the whites and is oblivious to the Africans pain. Although he recognizes its legitimacy as sign of respect for her mothers faith, he still rejects it the way he rejects tribalism and African superstition. For him, submitting to any specific belief or religion is synonymous with compromising his free will. In page 208 of the book he further on states African superstition and tribal culture were not for him. His scorn for his father lay in the fact that his father clung to values which had outlived their usefulness, values which discriminated against him while he attempted to function within the white mans world (208). ââ¬Å"What Mathabane did accept, though it took some trial and error, was his mothers understanding that education would lead him to a better life. Learning English, he decided, was the crucial key to unlocking the doors of the white world (193). The books that white people read led to the power they had over black people (254). Mathabane eventually decided that literacy was a necessary element in the liberation struggle. How can the illiterate function, he wondered, in a world ruled by signs (201) Books had taught him about places where he could be free to think and feel the way I want, instead of the way apartheid wants (254). He then realizes that he needs to make important decisions in order to make his dreams come true. Thinking that South Africa has nothing much to offer, at least for a poor black African boy like him, he decided to try his luck with American Universities. As he begins to plot his future, his tennis abilities begin to progress faster and better. Being an avid fan of Arthur Ashe, he takes his wins and losses as if his own. The achievements of his ââ¬Å"idolâ⬠encourages him to do better every single day. From black state competitions, he started joining the more prestigious white state competitions. His participation in white state competitions led to his banning from joining black state competitions. At this point, he feels as if his progress in his craft takes him away from the things he loved the most. Luckily, Mark later on leaves for the United States as a university scholar, through the help of a famous American tennis player and other white donors. Conclusion Deep within me,I knew that I could never really leave South Africa or Alexandra. I was Alexandra, I was South Africa (348). This goes to show that despite of all the successes, the author looks back in his roots. At first, his move out of Africa was just his way of ââ¬Å"escapingâ⬠the endless circle of failed dreams and lack of opportunities. But his absence in his country makes him reaffirm his identity, and gives him the opportunity, to finally appreciate what his past has to offer for his present and for his future. This book tells a very dark story filled with pain, sadness and loneliness on most of its chapters, but it also provides a strong foundation for the readers to further understand the plight of the narrator. The journey he took was not only of hope, but rather, a journey of rediscovery. How can the illiterate function, he wondered, in a world ruled by signs (201)? The books had taught him and transported him to places where he could be free to think and feel the way I want, instead of the way apartheid wants (254). Why burn the only thing that taught one to believe in the future, to fight for ones right to live in freedom and dignity? (285). Here reaffirms his conclusion as we experiences Soweto riots, which was triggered by resentment over the governments ruling that African education system be taught it Afrikaans instead of English. Upon witnessing the library burn down he inquired for enlightenment from one of his peers, who mentioned that the burning is for the destruction of all the traces of white oppression in the Bantu Education system. The struggles in his youth, leads him to think that literacy is the key to success. by learning English, he will be given better opportunities, the same as the whites. According to the author, literacy has given the whites so much edge and power over the black Africans. Having an education will somehow even out the playing field. Literacy for Mathabane is so important, that for him this will eventually lead them to be liberated from all their struggles. In the end, we really have no control over our government, over the people around us, and over norms and traditions we grew up with. But we do have full control over our perspective, our feelings and destiny. And this is precisely what Mathabane did. He took charge of his own future. This book inspires me to examine the choices I have made as a young person, at the same time, it makes me wonder whether the previous steps I have taken in life will take me closer to my aspirations or take me farther. But then, it makes me think deeper not just about my ambitions, but what I really want to contribute to my society in the end. This book serves as a wake up call. In a society wherein we are given so much opportunity, it seems as if we are left with no excuses not to excel. Reference: Mark Mathabane, 1998, Kaffir Boy, Simon Schuster Adult Publishing Group adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-41256017214302598032020-01-21T09:21:00.001-08:002020-01-21T09:21:02.496-08:00The Death Penalty :: essays papersThe Death Penalty "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." This is another way for someone to say they are supportive of the death penalty. The death penalty, to me, is revenge. It kills innocent people every year. Many of the families of victims do not want the criminals to be put to death. The death penalty costs more than a life sentence in jail. It is also racists. "Since 1976, there have been five hundred twenty-three executions in the United States, twenty-three in 1999 alone. There was only eleven before 1984. Then the number rose to twenty-one that year. The number of execution stayed around twenty then dropped to eleven in 1988. Then it steadily rose from there to seventy-four executions in 1997. That was the highest since 1976."(Death Penalty Information Center, P.1) There are many different methods of execution used by the government. The most common is lethal injection used by thirty-four states. Electrocution is another method, which is used by ten states. The gas chamber is used in five states. There are still two states today that use hanging as a method of execution. And two other states use a firing squad. The death penalty is also extremely racist. There have been significantly more executions of minorities than white Americans. Capital punishment also goes against the Constitution of the United States. Amendments eight and fourteen state that no cruel and unusual punishment can be inflicted, and no state can deprive any person of life liberty or property. The death penalty clearly takes these privileges away from American citizens. "More than 2000 people are on death row today. Virtually all are poor, a significant number are mentally retarded or other wise mentally disabled. More than forty percent are African American and disproportionate numbers are Native American, Latino, and Asian." (American Civil Liberties Union) It does not seem fair that only these people are dying. The Constitution states that everyone should be given a fair trial. These statistics do not prove to me that these people had a fair trial. Everybody makes mistakes. If a jury makes a mistake and a person is falsely accused of murder when they find out they messed up they want to take the adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-38673793529673007832020-01-13T05:45:00.001-08:002020-01-13T05:45:05.062-08:00Literary History and the Concept of Literature EssayLiterary history and the concept of literature I From the 1970s onwards, much has been said about the writing of history and literary history that has cast doubt on its intellectual credibility. For example, Hayden Whiteââ¬â¢s Metahistory (1973) included an influential analysis of the metaphorical foundations of 19th century history writing. In 1979, Jean-Francois Lyotard criticized grand narratives in La Condition postmoderne (The Postmodern Condition), and in 1992 David Perkins presented a whole array of sceptical epistemological and methodological arguments directed against literary history in Is Literary History Possible?. The questioning of literary history has not however resulted in the abandonment of large-scale literary-historical projects, rather it has inspired attempts to base such ventures on better designs and better foundations. Not least, many new ideas about the field have been put forward in connection with the preparation of two major works of literary history sponsored by the ICLA. It is also natural to point to two theoretical publications from 2002: the collection of essays, Rethinking Literary History, edited by Linda Hutcheon and Mario J. Valdes, and Marcel Cornis-Pope and John Neubauerââ¬â¢s brief presentation of the ideas behind a history of literary cultures in East-Central Europe. [ii] The Swedish project ââ¬Å"Literature and Literary History in Global Contextsâ⬠, which was started in 1998 and will terminate in 2004, focuses specifically on some theoretical problems associated with the writing of literary history. We who participate come, mostly, from various fields within oriental studies or from comparative literature. Since the project is sponsored by the Swedish Research Council we all work, or once worked, at various Swedish universities. One of the special features of the project is the interest devoted to world histories of literature, a genre where the general problems of literary history become especially visible and acute. (I shall return to this perhaps unfamiliar genre in a moment. ) Three important cruces in connection with world histories of literature have been singled out for special discussion within the project: (i) the understanding of the notion of literature, (ii) the understanding of genres, and (iii) the understanding of interactions between literary cultures. These three sets of issues will be made the subject of four volumes of literary-historical studies and theoretical reflections, and these volumes will represent the main concrete outcome of the project. In this paper, I shall concentrate on the first of the questions, about the notion of literature. I shall say a few words about the concept of literature itself, point out some of the difficulties that it occasions in a world history of literature, and conclude with a brief discussion of how such problems may be approached and dealt with. II In a sense, of course, there are very many concepts of literature: if every nuance is taken into account, it may well be the case that each person has their own. Yet if, conversely, one looks at the situation very broadly, one can say that there is an everyday concept of literature in Western culture which is widely shared. That concept came into being in the course of the 18th century. Before that, no exact counterpart to our present concept of literature existed either in Western culture or elsewhere, and the distinction between imaginative literature and non-fiction was not of primary importance in the classification of texts. Wilt Idema and Lloyd Haft have given a concise and clarifying account of how earlier cultures thought about texts and their basic divisions. As long as no more than a few written works are in circulation in a given society, all texts are more or less equally important and valuable. If there is a dramatic increase in the number of writings, with a corresponding differentiation in their content and character, the texts are likely to be subdivided into the categories of ââ¬Å"highâ⬠literature, professional literature, and popular literature. ââ¬Å"Literatureâ⬠(or high literature) is then the term for texts which are felt to be of general educational value and which are, accordingly, regarded as part of the necessary intellectual baggage of every cultured personâ⬠¦. Works which contain useful knowledge but remain limited to one specific area, such as medicine or military science, are classified as professional literature. Works intended only to amuse, and which have (or are considered to have) no educational value, fall outside the scope of ââ¬Å"literatureâ⬠â⬠¦. We may call these more or less despised writings ââ¬Å"trivial literatureâ⬠. In the kind of intellectual culture described in this quotation, the fundamental distinction among texts is the one between culturally important texts and culturally less significant ones. In most such cultures ââ¬â classical antiquity, classical Chinese culture, classical Sanskrit culture, and so forth ââ¬â the class of culturally important texts would comprise most of what we call poetry, history writing, and philosophy, and normally also other kinds of texts ââ¬â some administrative texts, some texts concerning magic, some letters, et cetera. Oral vernacular texts, or relatively unadorned fictional narratives, what we call fictional prose, would normally form part of popular or trivial literature. For complex social, economic, and cultural reasons, this way of classifying texts came to undergo great though gradual transformations in Western Europe from the late 17th to the early 19th centuries. One of the very many crucial factors behind the process must have been the growing importance of a new, more rigorous conception of empirical truth, associated with the natural sciences. High literature, in the special sense described by Idema and Haft, had always aspired to truth in the sense of great human significance. As the distinction between empirical truth and empirical non-truth became more rigid and more significant ââ¬â and as many other, more or less related developments were taking place ââ¬â new groupings began to emerge in the textual universe. Poetry became dissociated from scientific writings, and successively also from history, philosophy, oratory, and letters. On the other hand, fictional prose, especially in the guise of the increasingly appreciated novel, came to be regarded as one of the genres of poetry. With this, our modern notion of literature had effectively taken shape, and the term ââ¬Å"literatureâ⬠(whose main meaning in the 17th and 18th centuries had been something like ââ¬Å"educationâ⬠or ââ¬Å"cultureâ⬠) successively developed into todayââ¬â¢s normal designation of the concept. [v] III The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw the beginning of the writing of literary history ââ¬â of the history of national European literatures, of the history of European literature as a whole and, at least from the 1830s onwards, of the world history of literature. World histories of literature thus comprise a genre which has existed for around 170 years. Among its modern instances are such impressive works as the German twenty-five volume Neues Handbuch der Literaturwissenschaft (New Handbook of Literary Studies), published between 1972 and 2002, and the Russian Istorija vsemirnoj literatury v devjati tomach (History of World Literature in Nine Volumes) from 1983-94. [vii] However in the English-speaking world the genre is more or less extinct, and its very existence appears to be overlooked in the contemporary international discussion about the globalization of literary studies. These debates are primarily inspired by the widespread interest in colonial and postcolonial studies and place the last few centuries at the centre of attention, while the traditional world histories of literature are, in principle, universal in scope, and are meant to cover all times and cultures. In many respects, it seems a good idea to have a world history of literature to fall back on. Such works can relate the various literary cultures of the world to one another and put them into perspective. Thus they may create a much needed overview, much as a map of the world helps us to comprehend certain fundamental geographical realities. To some extent, works like the Neues Handbuch der Literaturwissenschaft and the Istorija vsemirnoj literatury do just that, and of course they also contain a wealth of information and intelligent discussion. Yet, despite their often remarkable qualities, world histories of literature are typically profoundly problematic for a number of reasons. Two major problems have their roots in the very concept of literature. First, the concept is, in itself, an everyday notion. If employed without additional explications or stipulations, it is too imprecise and inconsistent to form the basis of a reasonable classification. Second, the concept of literature is a relatively recent Western invention. Its application to other times and cultures will easily lead to anachronistic and ethnocentric distortions. On the whole, world histories of literature are content to sweep such problems under the carpet. They typically prefer to rely on the everyday notion of literature and to include the resulting contradictions in the bargain. For instance, the concept of literature is traditionally used in such a manner that the criteria for a work to be classified as literature vary depending on the time and the culture one is speaking of. Modern literature is most often seen as consisting of just fictional prose, poetry, and drama. When there is talk of older periods, the concept of literature is however used very inclusively. [ix] For example, ancient Roman philosophy, history, and oratory are not excluded as being non-fiction; instead, such writers as Lucrece, Caesar, and Cicero are considered part of the European literary heritage. The same duality appears in the treatment of other literary cultures. Thus, for instance, the sacred Vedic texts (circa 1200 ââ¬â circa 500 B. C.). adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-20124748166253568062020-01-05T02:09:00.001-08:002020-01-05T02:09:02.875-08:00Battle of Moscow - World War II - Operation Barbarossa The Battle of Moscow was fought Oct. 2, 1941, to Jan. 7, 1942, during World War II (1939ââ¬â1945). After months of attacks and counterattacks as German forces attempted to overrun Moscow, Soviet reinforcements and a severe Russian winter took a toll on German forces, helping to thwart Germanys plans and leaving its forces exhausted and demoralized. Fast Facts: Battle of Moscow Dates: Oct. 2, 1941, to Jan. 7, 1942, during World War II (1939ââ¬â1945)ï » ¿Soviet Union Armies and Commanders:Marshal Georgy ZhukovMarshal Aleksandr Vasilevsky1.25 million menGerman Armies and Commanders:Field Marshal Fedor von BockCol Gen. Heinz GuderianField Marshal Albert Kesselring1 million men Background On June 22, 1941, German forces launched Operation Barbarossa and invaded the Soviet Union. The Germans had hoped to commence the operation in May but were delayed by the campaign in the Balkans and Greece. Opening the Eastern Front, they quickly overwhelmed Soviet forces and made large gains. Driving east, Field Marshal Fedor von Bocks Army Group Center won the Battle of BiaÃ
âystok-Minsk in June, shattering the Soviet Western Front and killing or capturing over 340,000 Soviet troops. Crossing the Dnieper River, the Germans began a protracted battle for Smolensk. Despite encircling the defenders and crushing three Soviet armies, Bock was delayed into September before he could resume his advance. Though the road to Moscow was largely open, Bock was forced to order forces south to aid in the capture of Kiev. This was due to Adolf Hitlers unwillingness to continue fighting large battles of encirclement which, though successful, had failed to break the Soviet resistance. Instead, he sought to destroy the Soviet Unions economic base by capturing Leningrad and the Caucasus oil fields. Among those directed against Kiev was Col. Gen. Heinz Guderians Panzergruppe 2. Believing that Moscow was more important, Guderian protested the decision but was overruled. By supporting Army Group Souths Kiev operations, Bocks timetable was further delayed. It wasnt until Oct. 2, with the fall rains setting in, that Army Group Center was able to launch Operation Typhoon, the code name for Bocks Moscow offensive. The goal was to capture the Soviet capital before the harsh Russian winter began. Bocks Plan To accomplish this goal, Bock intended to employ the 2nd, 4th, and 9th Armies, supported by Panzer Groups 2, 3, and 4. Air cover would be provided by the Luftwaffes Luftflotte 2. The combined force numbered just short of 2 million men, 1,700 tanks, and 14,000 artillery pieces. Plans for Operation Typhoon called for a double-pincer movement against the Soviet Western and Reserve fronts near Vyazma while a second force moved to capture Bryansk to the south. If these maneuvers were successful, German forces would encircle Moscow and compel Soviet leader Joseph Stalin to make peace. Though reasonably sound on paper, plans for Operation Typhoon failed to account for the fact that German forces were battered after several months of campaigning and their supply lines were having difficulty getting goods to the front. Guderian later noted that his forces were short on fuel from the outset of the campaign. Soviet Preparations Aware of the threat to Moscow, the Soviets began constructing a series of defensive lines in front of the city. The first of these stretched between Rzhev, Vyazma, and Bryansk, while a second, double-line was built between Kalinin and Kaluga dubbed the Mozhaisk defense line. To protect Moscow proper, the capitals citizens were drafted to construct three lines of fortifications around the city. While Soviet manpower was initially stretched thin, reinforcements were being brought west from the Far East as intelligence suggested that Japan didnt pose an immediate threat. The two nations had signed a neutrality pact back in April 1941. Early German Successes Storming forward, two German panzer groups (3rd and 4th) quickly made gains near Vyazma and encircled the 19th, 20th, 24th, and 32nd Soviet Armies on Oct. 10. Rather than surrender, the four Soviet Armies tenaciously continued the fight, slowing the German advance and forcing Bock to divert troops to aid in reducing the pocket. Ultimately the German commander had to commit 28 divisions to this fight, allowing the remnants of the Soviet Western and Reserve fronts to fall back to the Mozhaisk defense line and reinforcements to rush forward, largely to support the Soviet 5th, 16th, 43rd, and 49th Armies. To the south, Guderians panzers (tanks) rapidly encircled the entire Bryansk Front. Linking with the German 2nd Army, they captured Orel and Bryansk by Oct. 6. The encircled Soviet forces, the 3rd and 13th Armies, continued the fight, eventually escaping east. The initial German operations, however, captured over 500,000 Soviet soldiers. On Oct. 7, the first snow of the season fell and soon melted, turning the roads to mud and severely hampering German operations. Grinding forward, Bocks troops turned back numerous Soviet counterattacks and reached the Mozhaisk defenses on Oct. 10. That same day, Stalin recalled Marshal Georgy Zhukov from the Siege of Leningrad and directed him to oversee the defense of Moscow. Assuming command, he focused Soviet manpower in the Mozhaisk line. Wearing Down the Germans Outnumbered, Zhukov deployed his men at key points in the line at Volokolamsk, Mozhaisk, Maloyaroslavets, and Kaluga. Resuming his advance on Oct. 13, Bock sought to avoid the bulk of the Soviet defenses by moving against Kalinin in the north and Kaluga and Tula in the south. While the first two fell quickly, the Soviets succeeded in holding Tula. After frontal attacks captured Mozhaisk and Maloyaroslavets on Oct. 18 and subsequent German advances, Zhukov was forced to fall back behind the Nara River. Though the Germans made gains, their forces were badly worn down and plagued by logistical issues. While German troops lacked appropriate winter clothing, they also took losses to the new T-34 tank, which was superior to their Panzer IVs. By Nov. 15, the ground had frozen and mud ceased to be an issue. Seeking to end the campaign, Bock directed the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies to encircle Moscow from the north, while Guderian moved around the city from the south. The two forces were to link up at Noginsk, 20 miles east of Moscow. German forces were slowed by Soviet defenses but succeeded in taking Klin on Nov. 24 and four days later crossed the Moscow-Volga Canal before being pushed back. In the south, Guderian bypassed Tula and took Stalinogorsk on Nov. 22. His offensive was checked by the Soviets near Kashira a few days later. With both prongs of his pincer movement bogged down, Bock launched a frontal assault at Naro-Fominsk on Dec. 1. After four days of heavy fighting, it was defeated. On Dec. 2, a German reconnaissance unit reached Khimki, only five miles from Moscow. This marked the farthest German advance. With temperatures reaching -50 degrees and still lacking winter equipment, the Germans had to halt their offensives. Soviets Strike Back By Dec. 5, Zhukov had been heavily reinforced by divisions from Siberia and the Far East. Possessing a reserve of 58 divisions, he unleashed a counteroffensive to push the Germans back from Moscow. The beginning of the attack coincided with Hitler ordering German forces to assume a defensive stance. Unable to organize a solid defense in their advance positions, the Germans were forced from Kalinin on Dec. 7, and the Soviets moved to envelop the 3rd Panzer Army at Klin. This failed and the Soviets advanced on Rzhev. In the south, Soviet forces relieved pressure on Tula on Dec. 16. Two days later, Bock was sacked in favor of Field Marshal Gà ¼nther von Kluge, due largely to Hitlers anger over German troops conducting a strategic retreat against his wishes. The Russians were aided by extreme cold and poor weather that minimized the Luftwaffes operations. As the weather improved in late December and early January, the Luftwaffe began intensive bombing in support of German ground forces This slowed the enemy advances and by Jan. 7, the Soviet counteroffensive came to an end. Zhukov had pushed the Germans 60 to 160 miles from Moscow. Aftermath The failure of German forces at Moscow doomed Germany to fighting a prolonged struggle on the Eastern Front. This part of the war would consume the vast majority of Germanys manpower and resources for the remainder of the conflict. Casualties for the Battle of Moscow are debated, but estimates suggest German losses of 248,000 to 400,000 and Soviet losses of 650,000 to 1,280,000. Slowly building strength, the Soviets would turn the tide of the war at the Battle of Stalingrad in late 1942 and early 1943. adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-66765754142947862852019-12-27T22:32:00.001-08:002019-12-27T22:32:03.821-08:00Battle of Valmy in the French Revolutionary Wars The Battle of Valmy was fought September 20, 1792, during the War of the First Coalition (1792-1797). Armies and Commanders French General Charles Franà §ois DumouriezGeneral Franà §ois Christophe Kellermann47,000 men Allies Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick35,000 men Background As revolutionary fervor wracked Paris in 1792, the Assembly moved towards conflict with Austria. Declaring war on April 20, French revolutionary forces advanced into the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium). Through May and June these efforts were easily repulsed by the Austrians, with the French troops panicking and fleeing in the face of even minor opposition. While the French floundered, an anti-revolutionary alliance came together consisting of forces from Prussia and Austria, as well as French à ©migrà ©s. Gathering at Coblenz, this force was led by Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick. Considered one of the best generals of the day, Brunswick was accompanied by the King of Prussia, Frederick William II. Advancing slowly, Brunswick was supported to the north by an Austrian force led by the Count von Clerfayt and to the south by Prussian troops under Fà ¼rst zu Hohenlohe-Kirchberg. Crossing the frontier, he captured Longwy on August 23 before advancing to take Verdun on September 2. With these victories, the road to Paris was effectively open. Due to revolutionary upheaval, the organization and command of the French forces in the area were in flux for most of the month. This period of transition finally ended with the appointment of General Charles Dumouriez to lead the Armà ©e du Nord on August 18 and the selection of General Franà §ois Kellermann to command the Armà ©e du Centre on August 27. With the high command settled, Paris directed Dumouriez to halt Brunswicks advance. Though Brunswick had broken through the fortifications of the French frontier, he was still faced with passing through the broken hills and forests of the Argonne. Assessing the situation, Dumouriez elected to use this favorable terrain to block the enemy. Defending the Argonne Understanding that the enemy was moving slowly, Dumouriez raced south to block the five passes through the Argonne. General Arthur Dillon was ordered to secure the two southern passes at Lachalade and les Islettes. Meanwhile, Dumouriez and his main force marched to occupy Grandprà © and Croix-aux-Bois. A smaller French force moved in from the west to hold the northern pass at le Chesne. Pushing west from Verdun, Brunswick was surprised to find fortified French troops at les Islettes on September 5. Unwilling to conduct a frontal assault, he directed Hohenlohe to pressure the pass while he took the army to Grandprà ©. Meanwhile, Clerfayt, who had advanced from Stenay, found only light French resistance at Croix-aux Bois. Driving off the enemy, the Austrians secured the area and defeated a French counterattack on September 14. The loss of the pass forced Dumouriez to abandon Grandprà ©. Rather than retreat west, he elected to hold the southern two passes and assumed a new position to the south. By doing so, he kept the enemys forces divided and remained a threat should Brunswick attempt a dash on Paris. As Brunswick was forced to pause for supplies, Dumouriez had time to establish a new position near Sainte-Menehould. The Battle of Valmy With Brunswick advancing through Grandprà © and descending on this new position from the north and west, Dumouriez rallied all of his available forces to Sainte-Menehould. On September 19, he was reinforced by additional troops from his army as well as by the arrival of Kellermann with men from the Army du Centre. That night, Kellermann decided to shift his position east the next morning. The terrain in the area was open and possessed three areas of raised ground. The first was located near the road intersection at la Lune while the next was to the northwest. Topped by a windmill, this ridge was situated near the village of Valmy and flanked by another set of heights to the north known as Mont Yvron. As Kellermanns men began their movement early on September 20, Prussian columns were sighted to the west. Quickly setting up a battery at la Lune, French troops attempted to hold the heights but were driven back. This action did buy Kellermann sufficient time to deploy his main body on the ridge near the windmill. Here they were aided by Brigadier General Henri Stengels men from Dumouriezs army who shifted north to hold Mont Yvron. Despite the presence of his army, Dumouriez could offer little direct support to Kellermann as his compatriot had deployed across his front rather than on his flank. The situation was further complicated by the presence of a marsh between the two forces. Unable to play a direct role in the fighting, Dumouriez detached units to support Kellermanns flanks as well as to raid into the Allied rear. The morning fog plagued operations but, by midday, it had cleared allowing the two sides to see the opposing lines with the Prussians on the la Lune ridge and the French around the windmill and Mont Yvron. Believing that the French would flee as they had in other recent actions, the Allies began an artillery bombardment in preparation for an assault. This was met by return fire from the French guns. The elite arm of the French army, the artillery, had retained a higher percentage of its pre-Revolution officer corps. Peaking around 1 PM, the artillery duel inflicted little damage due to the long distance (approx. 2,600 yards) between the lines. Despite this, it had a strong impact on Brunswick who saw that the French were not going to break easily and that any advance across the open field between the ridges would suffer heavy losses. Though not in a position to absorb heavy losses, Brunswick still ordered three assault columns formed to test the French resolve. Directing his men forward, he halted the assault when it had moved around 200 paces after seeing that the French were not going to retreat. Rallied by Kellermann they were chanting Vive la nation! Around 2 PM, another effort was made after artillery fire detonated three caissons in the French lines. As before, this advance was halted before it reached Kellermanns men. The battle remained a stalemate until around 4 PM when Brunswick called a council of war and declared, We do not fight here. Aftermath of Valmy Due to the nature of the fighting at Valmy, the casualties were relatively light with the Allied suffering 164 killed and wounded and the French around 300. Though criticized for not pressing the attack, Brunswick was not in a position to win a bloody victory and still be able to continue the campaign. Following the battle, Kellermann fell back to a more favorable position and the two sides began negotiations regarding political issues. These proved fruitless and the French forces began extending their lines around the Allies. Finally, on September 30, Brunswick had little choice but to begin retreating towards the border. Though the casualties were light, Valmy rates as one of the most important battles in history due to the context in which it was fought. The French victory effectively preserved the Revolution and prevented outside powers from either crushing it or forcing it to even greater extremes. The next day, the French monarchy was abolished and on September 22 the First French Republic declared. Sources: History of War: Battle of ValmyBattle of Valmy adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-69366855657018098532019-12-19T18:21:00.001-08:002019-12-19T18:21:03.852-08:00The Elections Process And The American Election Process For a citizen that follows and contributes to the American election process, one of the most important things to them is that they are being represented properly. The whole reason a person votes in the first place is so that they can be represented in decisions being made within the government. If it were not the job of elected officials to represent the peopleââ¬â¢s word then voting would never happen. This is a hot topic because everyone wants to make sure they are being represented fairly. There have been issues with how minorities, women, and even people of certain beliefs have been represented. This paper is going to focus on the election process and how minorities are being represented in both negative and positive ways. One way that representation can be diminished is through what is called ââ¬Å"Minority Vote Dilutionâ⬠. Meaning, ââ¬Å"it was harder for minorities to gain representationâ⬠(Bowler Segura. 2012.). A way to cause this is through the movement of d istrict boundaries to make the votes unequal from district to district. One way that this happens is through ââ¬Å"Crackingâ⬠which is when particular voters are ââ¬Å"spread among a series of districts in order to keep them as small vote blocs within each seatâ⬠(Bowler Segura. 2012.). What it really does is cause a certain minority group to seem smaller than they actually are in the population make up. Another way to diminish a groups voting ability is by ââ¬Å"packingâ⬠a certain unit of people. According to Bowler Segura this is aShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Election Process in American Politics1875 Words à |à 8 PagesThe election process is a long, drawn out one that incorporates numerous stages from the initial steps taken in trying to find a viable candidate for office to the end result that comes out of the Electoral College. The American system is one that is complex and very controversial as the readings have shown. Some have even suggested getting rid of the old institutions which have uniquely defined the American political process. Others have tried to argue that it is our duty to revert back to oldRead MoreThe American Election Process Is Good For The Country1807 Words à |à 8 PagesThe American Election Process Ever since the early beginning of America standing as its own individual free country, we annually elect a new leader to run our country for a 4-year term. 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These electors then in turn cast direct votes known as electoral votes in their respective state capitals for president and vice president positions adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-39798606420665987042019-12-11T15:04:00.001-08:002019-12-11T15:04:02.216-08:00History Of The Computer Industry In America (2573 words) Essay Example For Students History Of The Computer Industry In America (2573 words) Essay History of the Computer Industry in AmericaOnly once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. A machine that has done all this and more now exists in nearly every business in the U.S. and one out of every two households (Hall, 156). This incredible invention is the computer. The electronic computer has been around for over a half-century, but its ancestors have been around for 2000 years. However, only in the last 40 years has it changed the American society. From the first wooden abacus to the latest high-speed microprocessor, the computer has changed nearly every aspect of peoples lives for the better.The very earliest existence of the modern day computers ancestor is the abacus. These date back to almost 2000 years ago. It is simply a wooden rack holding parallel wires on which beads are strung. When these beads are moved along the wire according to program ming rules that the user must me! morize, all ordinary arithmetic operations can be performed (Soma, 14). The next innovation in computers took place in 1694 when Blaise Pascal invented the first digital calculating machine. It could only add numbers and they had to be entered by turning dials. It was designed to help Pascals father who was a tax collector (Soma, 32). In the early 1800Os, a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage designed an automatic calculation machine. It was steam powered and could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Built in to his machine were operations that included everything a modern general-purpose computer would need. It was programmed byand stored data oncards with holes punched in them, appropriately called punch cards. His inventions were failures for the most part because of the lack of precision machining techniques used at the time and the lack of demand for such a device (Soma, 46).After Babbage, people began to lose interest in computers. However, between 1850 and 1900 there were great advances! in mathematics and physics that began to rekindle the interest (Osborne, 45). Many of these new advances involved complex calculations and formulas that were very time consuming for human calculation. The first major use for a computer in the U.S. was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers , developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human intervention (Gulliver, 82). Since the population of the U.S. was increasing so fast, the computer was an essential tool in tabulating the totals.These advantages were noted by commercial industries and soon led to the development of improved punch-card business-machine systems by International Business Machines (IBM), Remington-Rand, Burroughs, and other corporations. By modern standards the punched-card machines were slow, typically processing from 50 to 250 cards per minute, with each card holding up to 80 digits. At the time, however, punched cards were an enormous step forward; they provided a means of input, output, and memory storage on a massive scale. For more than 50 years following their first use, punched-card machines did the bulk of the worlds business computing and a good portion of the computing work in science (Chposky, 73). By the late 1930s punched-card machine techniques had become so well established and reliable that Howard Hathaway Aiken, in collaboration with engineers at IBM, undertook construction of a large automatic digital computer based on standard IBM electromechanical parts. Aikens machine, called the Harvard Mark I, handled 23-digit numbers and could perform all four arithmetic operations. Also, it had special built-in programs to handled logarithms and trigonometric functions. The Mark I was controlled from prepunched paper tape. Output was by card punch and electric typewriter. It was slow, requiring 3 to 5 seconds for a multiplication, but it was fully automatic and could complete long computations without human intervention (Chposky, 103). The outbreak of World War II produced a desperate need for computing capability, especially for the military. New weapons systems were produced which needed trajectory tables and other essential data. In 1942, John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchley, and their associates at the University of Pennsylvania decided to build a high-speed electronic computer to do the job. This machine became known as ENIAC, for Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator. It could multiply two numbers at the rate of 300 products per second, by finding the value of each product from a multiplication table stored in its memory. ENIAC was thus about 1,000 times faster than the previous generation of computers (Dolotta, 47).ENIAC used 18,000 standard vacuum tubes, occupied 1800 square feet of floor space, and used about 180,000 watts of electricity. It used punched-card input and output. The ENIAC was very difficult to program because one had to essentially re-wire it to perform whatever task he wanted the compu ter to do. It was, however, efficient in handling the particular programs for which it had been designed. ENIAC is generally accepted as the first successful high-speed electronic digital computer and was used in many applications from 1946 to 1955 (Dolotta, 50). Mathematician John von Neumann was very interested in the ENIAC. In 1945 he undertook a theoretical study of computation that demonstrated that a computer could have a very simple and yet be able to execute any kind of computation effectively by means of proper programmed control without the need for any changes in hardware. Von Neumann came up with incredible ideas for methods of building and organizing practical, fast computers. These ideas, which came to be referred to as the stored-program technique, became fundamental for future generations of high-speed digital computers and were universally adopted (Hall, 73).The first wave of modern programmed electronic computers to take advantage of these improvements appeared in 1947. This group included computers using random access memory (RAM), which is a memory designed to give almost constant access to any particular piece of information (Hall, 75). These machines had punched-card or punched-tape input and output devices and RAMs of 1000-word capacity. Physically, they were much more compact than ENIAC: some were about the size of a grand piano and required 2500 small electron tubes. Loyalty definition paper EssayA new revolution in computer hardware was now well under way, involving miniaturization of computer-logic circuitry and of component manufacture by what are called large-scale integration techniques. In the 1950s it was realized that scaling down the size of electronic digital computer circuits and parts would increase speed and efficiency and improve performance. However, at that time the manufacturing methods were not good enough to accomplish such a task. About 1960 photoprinting of conductive circuit boards to eliminate wiring became highly developed. Then it became possible to build resistors and capacitors into the circuitry by photographic means (Rogers, 142). In the 1970s entire assemblies, such as adders, shifting registers, and counters, became available on tiny chips of silicon. In the 1980s very large scale integration (VLSI), in which hundreds of thousands of transistors are placed on a single chip, became increasingly common. Many compani es, some new to the computer field, introduced in the 1970s programmable minicomputers supplied with software packages. The size-reduction trend continued with the introduction of personal computers, which are programmable machines small enough and inexpensive enough to be purchased and used by individuals (Rogers, 153). One of the first of such machines was introduced in January 1975. Popular Electronics magazine provided plans that would allow any electronics wizard to build his own small, programmable computer for about $380 (Rose, 32). The computer was called the Altair 8800O. Its programming involved pushing buttons and flipping switches on the front of the box. It didnt include a monitor or keyboard, and its applications were very limited (Jacobs, 53). Even though, many orders came in for it and several famous owners of computer and software manufacturing companies got their start in computing through the Altair. For example, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, founders of Apple Computer, built a much cheaper, yet more productive version of the Altair and turned their hobby into a business (Fluegelman, 16).After the introduction of the Altair 8800, the personal computer industry became a fierce battleground of competition. IBM had been the computer industry standard for well over a half-century. They held their position as the standard when they introduced their first personal computer, the IBM Model 60 in 1975 (Chposky, 156). However, the newly formed Apple Computer company was releasing its own personal computer, the Apple II (The Apple I was the first computer designed by Jobs and Wozniak in Wozniaks garage, which was not produced on a wide scale). Software was needed to run the computers as well. Microsoft developed a Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) for the IBM computer while Apple developed its own software system (Rose, 37). Because Microsoft had now set the software standard for IBMs, every software manufacturer had to make their software compatible with Microsofts. This would lead to huge profits for Microsoft (Cringley, 163). The main goal of the computer manufacturers was to make the computer as affordable as possible while increasing speed, reliability, and capacity. Nearly every computer manufacturer accomplished this and computers popped up everywhere. Computers were in businesses keeping track of inventories. Computers were in colleges aiding students in research. Computers were in laboratories making complex calculations at high speeds for scientists and physicists. The computer had made its mark everywhere in society and built up a huge industry (Cringley, 174). The future is promising for the computer industry and its technology. The speed of processors is expected to double every year and a half in the coming years. As manufacturing techniques are further perfected the prices of computer systems are expected to steadily fall. However, since the microprocessor technology will be increasing, its higher costs will offset the drop in price of older processors. In other words, the price of a new computer will stay about the same from year to year, but technology will steadily increase (Zachary, 42). Since the end of World War II, the computer industry has grown from a standing start into one of the biggest and most profitable industries in the United States. It now comprises thousands of companies, making everything from multi-million dollar high-speed supercomputers to printout paper and floppy disks. It employs millions of people and generates tens of billions of dollars in sales each year (Malone, 192). Surely, the computer has impacted every aspect of peoples lives. It has affected the way people work and play. It has made everyones life easier by doing difficult work for people. The computer truly is one of the most incredible inventions in history. adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-78729137287467436632019-12-04T02:46:00.001-08:002019-12-04T02:46:02.637-08:00The President Paper Essays - United States, Government, The President Paper America election in 2000 raised a debate between democrat and republican and ultimately the American human beings selected a modern chief Mr. George w. Bush. President Bush in reality defined foreign policy desires and goals. I've seen and pay attention our pricey President Bush foreign coverage after Sep 11. Following this, Bush has installed its pinnacle priorities in overseas coverage. He claims that an acts in the authorities to beautify the global community via negotiation and cooperation. Likewise President Bush observation "it is to inspire and be inspired by way of unique countries to artwork collectively within the course of a nonviolent and rich destiny" (BBC data). Bush, in addition to our society, feels the president ought to be robust- especially in international politics and policies. At the same time as the United States became attacked Sep 11, 2001, the humans appeared to the president to guide, and in essence, are seeking out revenge. Executive power is vested in the President by Congress with the advice and consent of the Senate so that he may preserve protect and defend the Constitution and the laws of the United States. The principal responsibility of the President is to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed." By using these words, the Constitution does not require the President to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the President may perform such duties. The Constitution, empowers the President to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the President. The President's responsibility is to execute whatever instructions he is given by the Congress. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commissionall quasi-judicial often have direct Congressional oversight. Congress regularly writes regulation to restrain the government officials to the overall performance in their duties as criminal through the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the high-quality courtroom determined (a) the prescription for legislative motion in artwork. requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress including a Senate and a house of Representatives and requiring every invoice exceeded via the residence and Senate, earlier than becoming law, to be provided to the President, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed thru -thirds of the Senate and residence -- represents the Framers' choice that the legislative electricity of the Federal authorities be exercised in accord with a unmarried, finely wrought and exhaustively taken into consideration system. This method is a crucial part of the constitutional layout for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even each houses acting collectively can't override executive vetoes wi thout a 2/3 majority. Law can also constantly prescribe policies governing authorities' officials. So as to complete the challenge. The U.S. national security method "is primarily based on a fairly American internationalism that reflects the union of our values and our countrywide hobbies. The aim of this method is to help make the world no longer simply safer but better" (US, 1). While handling topics of foreign coverage, results within the makings of a defense coverage, which is taken into consideration as a subset of overseas coverage. Sturdy navy capability is an important manner in managing overseas coverage because of the reality that nations along with North Korea, China, and Russia all pose an ability danger to ruin the use of "weapons of mass destruction."(new York Times) while danger is placed on U.S. fatherland safety and someplace else, America defense coverage can step in; however; protection policy can grow to be high priced due to reality of utilizing the army will result in more navy spending in order to to complete the mission. ReferencesACHARYA, U. D. (2012). Denver Journal of International Law Policy. INTERNATIONAL LAWLESSNESS, INTERNATIONAL POLITICS AND THE PROBLEM OF TERRORISM: A CONUNDRUM OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND U.S. FOREIGN POLICY, 144-166. Bidden, V. (2007). The 9/11 Terror Attacks. Mankato, MN: The Creative Company. Brydon, S. (2004) adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-56242210697324156672019-11-27T22:02:00.001-08:002019-11-27T22:02:05.860-08:00The Initial Temperature Shock free essay sample The water appeared crystalline and ice-cold the first time I readied myself to jump off the high dive. I knew I wouldnââ¬â¢t die, yet an intangible force restrained me until I closed my eyes, bent my knees, propelled myself off the board, and cut through the surface. The no manââ¬â¢s land between the board and the water was behind me. In middle school, I was the girl who walked through the halls with her eyes facing the floor, who hesitated to speak in class out of fear of being noticed. I once believed myself unlikely to join a club, let alone lead one, and couldnââ¬â¢t imagine speaking on stage or introducing myself to a stranger. Iââ¬â¢ve come a long way since then, and my motto is, If you think you cant do something, prove yourself wrong. Ever since I realized the most challenging experiences can also be the most worthwhile, I have set out to prove I can do what I once believed myself incapable of accomplishing. We will write a custom essay sample on The Initial Temperature Shock or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each ice-cold pool is an experience I now embrace. The path of my journey toward finding my voice was paved with printer paper. When I joined my school newspaper in 10th grade, I learned that investigating my schoolââ¬â¢s goings-on required me to be inquisitive, outgoing, and constantly aware of my surroundings. I discovered an entirely new dimension of Friends Academy. Who would have known that my teachers had such unique views on the environment, or that the school psychologist had so much insight into the social scene? I did more investigating this summer, when my print and photojournalism classes required me to approach and interview peopleââ¬âoften complete strangersââ¬âwhom I would not have otherwise gotten to know. I even spent an hour one day in a shoe store, documenting a salesmanââ¬â¢s life through photography. Throughout these experiences, I learned not only about the topics of my articles, but also that, if I opened my eyes just a little wider, countless perspective-altering interactions awaited me. This confidence has led me to openly question what I learn in class as well. The curious toddler in me lives on, but she now has a voice. My favorite question is ââ¬Å"Why?â⬠because it has the power to get to the essence, the true meaning, and the origin of everything. I have known for some time that you canââ¬â¢t divide by zero, that metals lose electrons, and that the ancient Greeks founded democracy, but why? When I discover the answer, itââ¬â¢s almost never what I expected. Each answer opens a new door leading to a room of ââ¬Å"whysâ⬠and ââ¬Å"why nots,â⬠and then another, and another, until I am several doors closer in my life-long expedition toward truth. Now, ââ¬Å"whyâ⬠is my guide as I constantly dive into new explorations and adventures. Why donââ¬â¢t we ââ¬Å"be the change we want to see in the world,â⬠and how can we? Why is passive resistance more effective than violence? Why are there so few women in politics? These kinds of questions have compelled me to donate blood, try out for school plays, enter artwork in exhibitions, travel to South America, and read original poems for audiences. Each ââ¬Å"interviewâ⬠with life brings me closer to understanding the answers to my questions. I know that the greatest treasures lie at the bottom of the deep end, and that lifeââ¬â¢s most fulfilling moments take place out of my comfort zone, off the diving board, and only because of each gigantic leap of faith. My next leap will be college, and I feel excited and extremely well prepared to dive off, cut through that no manââ¬â¢s land, and triumph over the initial temperature shock. adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-81077175431614045102019-11-24T05:37:00.001-08:002019-11-24T05:37:05.417-08:00The Old Man and the SeaThe Old Man and the Sea The Old Man and the Sea is a story of a modest old man and his struggle for the greatness. The plot is based on life of Santiago, an elderly Cuban fisherman who is unlucky in his fishing escapades. He is so unlucky that parents of a young boy Manolin, who wanted to fish with an old man and learn the skills from him, forbid him doing this and ask to sail with more successful young sailors.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on The Old Man and the Sea specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author was on the ground of the World War I, and a casualty of the war may be seen as the reason behind the choice of themes. Bravery, courage, pride and honor are virtues that many survivors of the war possessed. Santiagoââ¬â¢s move to set out to sea all alone in order to redeem his reputation among his people is a bold move (Hemingway 22). However, Hemmingway, the author, describes the boy as the one who admires the old man despit e his parents discourage him from joining Santiago in his fishing, he still continues to care for the old man. This essay seeks to make a detailed review of the story, ââ¬Å"The Old Man and the Seaâ⬠, its themes and relations to the real world. The plot brings out the boy as being very caring. He is shown in the way he helps the fisherman to carry his fishing gear and discussing the latest happenings in the American baseball. Despite the old manââ¬â¢s unsuccessful fishing trips, the book portrays him as having a strong determination to achieve his aim. In a highly sequential flow of events, the book explains how Santiago sails further away from familiar territory and ventures into the Gulf Stream. The author goes ahead to explain how the old man gets lucky and catches a big fish known as Marlin at midday. However, in a twist to the story, Santiago is unable to pull the gigantic animal to his boat, and the fish starts pulling. The story shows the reader an image of an enduri ng man who is overcome by fear trying to save his life by all means. It is presented when Santiago struggles to bear the strain of the line hooking the massive fish with his shoulders. He does this in order to avoid tearing the boat apart and tries to hook on it. The story explains how an old man pulls the line for three days as the fish swims with the old man enduring this pain (Hemingway 40). In this day to day sequence of events, Santiago is presented to the reader as an affectionate man who, despite the strain that the fish is putting him through, sees it as a brother in endurance, suffering, strength and resolve. Testimony to this, (the way Santiago feels it); the people who are going to eat this fish are not entitled to such greatness.Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is on the third day that we see Santiago is getting his catch into the boat finally. It is the evidence of Santiagos endurance and determination because, according to the story, this is the biggest fish that Santiago has ever caught after number of unsuccessful trials (Bloom, 150). In addition, the story brings out the anti-climax of Santiagoââ¬â¢s happiness. It explains how Santiago struggles with the attacks of sharks that were attracted by the blood trails left from the fish. Hemmingway creates an image of a boat deep in the sea surrounded by sharks in the mind of the reader. This is where the courage of the old man is brought out. He is seen trying to deter the Sharks from attacking him by all possible means. For example, he fights them with a spear made by lashing a dagger to an oar and beating them up with the boats filler (Gerry 80). The old manââ¬â¢s courage and creativity are paid back as he manages to kill several sharks. However, he is left with nothing, as sharks manage to devour his catch leaving him with a skeleton, head and a tail. The man regr ets his decision to go out far into the sea. He stumbles back home completely worn out and goes to sleep (Hemingway 20). Despite loosing the fish, the old man achieves greatness without realizing it. The reader understands this when reading about tourists who watch a giant Skeleton with amusement the following morning. Two themes can be brought out from this story. The first one is the theme of honor. Throughout the story, Santiago is shown as a person swimming against the tide trying not to be defeated. He is shown as a person who is struggling with the power of the sea without catching any fish for eighty seven days, but breaks his record by catching the largest fish ever caught in all his years of fishing. He is seen as fighting defeat by sailing into deep waters; he is struggling with a marlin for three days, and fights off shark attacks. This theme shows that Santiago and Marlin display virtues of courage and strong will, and they are willing to go to extraordinary lengths to u phold them. Santiagoââ¬â¢s story does not provides him with the opportunity to change manââ¬â¢s place in the world, rather it enables him meet his most dignified destiny (Hemingway, 40).Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on The Old Man and the Sea specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The other theme discussed in this story is the theme of pride as the source of greatness and determination. Santiagoââ¬â¢s character is created similar to all heroes of the world. In addition to coming out as strong, courageous and morally certain, they all possess a fatal flaw and pride. This leads to their downfall despite all the admiration that they receive. Santiago, on the other hand, is portrayed as being proof that it is pride that pushes great men towards greatness. For example, Santiago admits to killing Marlin out of pride. Thus, pride becomes the source of Santiagoââ¬â¢s strength. Without this pride, he would neithe r have ventured deep into the sea, nor would he have struggled with the giant fish for three consecutive days. Pride drives the old man to transcend the forces of nature and come out triumphant (Gerry 50). In conclusion, it can be argued that this book tries to explain human nature. It explains that we are beings who, in most cases, are driven by pride while trying to achieve our goals in life. In addition, it tries to bring out the fact that pride does not always lead to downfall. Hemmingway illustrates that victory is not always a qualification for honor. It is brought about when one has the pride to struggle until the very end. In the case of Santiago, the glory and pride come not as a result of battle, but from his pride and determination to fight. Bloom, Harold. Earnest Hemingwayââ¬â¢s the Old Man and Sea. New York: InfoBase publishing, 2008. Print. Gerry, Brenner. The Old Man and the Sea: Story of a Common Man. Michigan: University of Michigan, 1991. Print. Hemingway, Erne st. The Old Man and the Sea. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002. Print. adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605269669343685510.post-22710067687222421442019-11-21T06:42:00.001-08:002019-11-21T06:42:03.580-08:00Forms of Business Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2Forms of Business Organizations - Essay Example These characteristics of the sole proprietorship distinguish it from a corporation and a limited liability company. A sole proprietor, for example, owns and manages a sole proprietorship, a feature that is different from observations in corporations and limited liability companies. More than one person, for example, owns a corporation or a limited liability company. These owners are called shareholders while the owner of a sole proprietorship is called the sole proprietor. Board of directors who are distinct from the businessesââ¬â¢ owners manages corporations while limited liability companiesââ¬â¢ management is flexible. Another difference between the three forms of businesses is the ownersââ¬â¢ liability over the organizationsââ¬â¢ debts. While a sole proprietor is liable for all of the businessââ¬â¢ liabilities, corporations and limited liability companiesââ¬â¢ owners have limited liabilities that are restricted to their share contributions. Another difference be tween the forms of business organizations is the legal requirements to which they are subjected. While a sole proprietorship only requires the filing of the enterpriseââ¬â¢s name, corporation, and limited liability companies must be registered. The organizationsââ¬â¢ tax liabilities are also treated differently. While a sole proprietorship is taxed as a natural person through the proprietorââ¬â¢s income, a limited liability company is taxed at the business organizationââ¬â¢s level while a corporationââ¬â¢s taxation involves a double taxation in which the organizationââ¬â¢s earnings are taxed and shareholders are taxed on their dividends. The organizations also differ in their structural requirements.à adaparker1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/12778010258587939523noreply@blogger.com0